interferon alfa-2a (Proquiferon)

Turning down the ammonia dial: Phase 2a evidence for YAQ007 in cirrhosis.

Erickson Hanna H

Correction: Ambrosino et al. Selective Senolysis of 5FU-Induced CRC Senescent Cells by Piceatannol Through Mitochondrial Depolarization and AIF-Dependent Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 9134.

Ambrosino Alessia A, Patrone Deanira D, Moriello Claudia C, Al-Sammarraie Sura Hilal Ahmed SHA et al.

In Figure 2A of the original publication [...].

IRF7 signalling in tanycytes controls brain-body-immune response across the ovarian cycle.

Nampoothiri Sreekala S, Fernandois Daniela D, Journiac Nathalie N, Delahaye Fabien F et al.

Sex-specific differences in metabolic and immune function are shaped by endocrine-immune interactions, yet the complexity of this relationship remains poorly understood. Here, we identify an immune cell-like state of tanycytes, an ependymoglial cell type lining the third ventricle that mediates brain-body communication1,2 in both mice and humans. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we provide a high-resolution cellular map of the mouse and human mediobasal hypothalamus with cross-species comparison of tanycytes. We capture dynamic sex-, oestrous cycle- and high-fat diet-dependent transcriptomic changes in tanycytes, including a cyclic interferon response in tanycytes during the physiological oestrous cycle in female mice. We found that the oestrous cycle, with its changing hormonal milieu, especially oestradiol, affected the brain's immune responses, characterized by the temporal and cyclic expression of interferon regulatory factor 7 (Irf7) gene, as well as downstream interferon-stimulated genes such as Cxcl10 in tanycytes of female mice, which are associated with increased infiltration of leukocytes and cytokine responses. Irf7 expression in tanycytes of physiological males remained stable and markedly lower, suggesting a distinct immune activation pattern in the brains of cycling females. By targeting oestrogen and interferon signaling in tanycytes, we show that balanced, cyclic leukocyte infiltration into the median eminence may have a role in oestrous cycle maintenance, whereas Irf7 in tanycytes modulates circulating monocyte proportions, revealing brain-immune system communication through tanycytes. Our findings reveal an immune-associated role for tanycytes, with potential implications for understanding the endocrine and immunological mechanisms underlying sex-biased diseases.

ISG15 Is a Key Multidirectional Regulator of Cytosolic RNA- and DNA-Sensing Pathways and Type I Interferon Feedback Loops.

White Maleana G MG, Iordanskiy Sergey S

Activation of cytosolic RNA and DNA sensing pathways that normally recognize viral nucleic acids triggers the expression and release of type I interferons (IFN-I). This release drives the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that activate acute inflammation and counteract viral replication at various stages. Recent studies have highlighted how interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), a small, ubiquitin-like modifier, regulates cytosolic RNA and DNA sensing pathway proteins to control the antiviral response and inflammation. ISG15 is a multifunctional protein that acts as a secreted cytokine, binds freely to intracellular proteins, and covalently modifies proteins in a reversible process termed ISGylation. A dual regulatory molecule, ISG15 can both stabilize and destabilize proteins that promote and inhibit IFN-I signaling. Conversely, viruses have evolved strategies to disrupt and exploit ISG15-dependent antiviral responses to evade the host immune system. In this review, we examine how ISG15 regulates cytosolic RNA and DNA sensing pathway proteins to control IFN-I signaling and the antiviral response, highlighting it as a master regulator that fine-tunes IFN-I signaling and feedback. Recognizing the multifaceted action of ISG15 is essential for designing balanced therapeutic strategies across antiviral drug development, cancer immunotherapy, and chronic inflammatory disease management.