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sumatriptan succinate (sc) (DFN 11 / Zembrace SymTouch / DFN11)

✓ Approved

Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC. · HTR1B · Small Molecule

What is sumatriptan succinate (sc)?

sumatriptan succinate (sc) is a small molecule developed by Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDFN 11, Zembrace SymTouch, DFN11
CompanyUpsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetHTR1B, HTR1D
RouteInjectable (Others), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

sumatriptan succinate (sc) acts on 2 molecular targets:

HTR1B5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (HTR1DB, 5-HT1DB)
HTR1D5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D (HTR1DA, HT1DA)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

sumatriptan succinate (sc) is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Nervous system disordersMigraine✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedDiabetes research and clinical practice2026-08-30

Glycemic and safety outcomes of the insulin-only bionic pancreas in older adults and individuals with impaired awareness of Hypoglycemia: a post hoc analysis of a randomized pivotal trial.

Oktavian Puguh P, Kencono Wungu Citrawati Dyah CD, Amin Indah Mohd IM, Mudjanarko Sony Wibisono SW

Evaluate the efficacy and safety of iLet Bionic Pancreas (BP) in older adults and individuals with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH). This post hoc analysis used individual participant-level data from the Insulin-Only Bionic Pancreas Pivotal Trial (n = 440; NCT04200313). Eligible participants (n = 96) with type 1 diabetes, aged ≥ 60 years and/or had IAH (Clarke score ≥ 4), were randomized to BP with aspart/lispro (BP-Asp/Lis; n = 45), BP with fast-acting aspart configuration (BP-Fiasp; n = 31), or standard care (SC; n = 20) for 13 weeks. Compared with SC, time-in-range (70-180 mg/dL) significantly increased by 7.49 % (95 % CI: 2.61 to 12.38; ∼1.8 h/day) with BP-Asp/Lis and by 8.28 % (95 % CI: 3.15 to 13.41; ∼2.0 h/day) with BP-Fiasp, driven by reduced hyperglycemia. No significant differences were observed in hypoglycemia exposure. Severe hypoglycemia occurred in four participants (four events) on BP-Asp/Lis and one participant (two events) on SC. One diabetic ketoacidosis event occurred on BP-Fiasp due to an infusion set failure. In high-risk, clinically vulnerable populations, the BP system significantly improved glycemic control while maintaining safety parity with respect to hypoglycemia risk, providing a resilient therapeutic alternative for vulnerable cohorts.

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PubMedToxicology2026-08-30

Transfluthrin: a household insecticide alters glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function and induces atrophy in C2C12 myotubes.

Sharma Onkar O, Devi Rumi R, Sharma Sachin S, Dua Anita A et al.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasing globally. Numerous studies have associated pesticide exposure with metabolic alterations in skeletal muscle and the development of related NCDs. Transfluthrin (TF), a volatile type-I pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used as a household mosquito repellent. Although effective in preventing mosquito-borne diseases, recent in vitro and in vivo studies have implicated it in oxidative stress and genotoxic effects. However, its effects on skeletal muscle remain poorly characterized. This study investigated the dose-dependent subtoxic effects of TF on skeletal muscle cell integrity using C2C12 myotubes. Subtoxic concentrations (10µM, 25µM, and 50µM) were selected via MTT assay, and cultured myotubes were exposed to TF for 24h. Along with altered morphology, TF-treated myotubes showed a dose-dependent increase in glucose consumption and uptake. TF disrupted glucose metabolism, as evidenced by reduced glycogen storage and elevated lactate production. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction was confirmed by decreased MTT reduction, reduced succinate dehydrogenase activity, and membrane depolarization. TF induced oxidative stress, reflected by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) lipid peroxidation (LPO), and catalase activity, along with reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in treated myotubes. Immunostaining further revealed myotube atrophy in TF-treated myotubes, associated with increased calpain activity and MuRF-1 protein expression. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that TF directly impairs skeletal muscle cell metabolism by inducing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, atrophy, and altered glucose utilization, highlighting under-recognized health risks associated with excessive routine household insecticide exposure.

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Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid-rich fermented rice bran on hepatic histology, gut microbiota, and fecal metabolites in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced NAFLD-like hepatic injury.

Huang Yuh-Ting YT, Fu Lu-Chi LC, Chen Yi-Hsiu YH, Xiao Qian Q et al.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich fermented rice bran (GFRB) is a multi-component fermented food matrix with potential metabolic benefits, but its effects on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver injury and associated gut microbial and metabolic changes remain unclear. In this study, we characterized the metabolite profile of GFRB and evaluated its effects in rats with HFD-induced liver injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control diet or HFD with or without GABA or low- or high-dose GFRB supplementation for 12 weeks. Gut microbiota, fecal short-chain fatty acids, and fecal metabolomic profiles were further analyzed as exploratory outcomes. GFRB contained markedly increased GABA and was enriched in amino acid- and fermentation-related metabolites, including glutamine, ornithine, citrulline, lactate, and succinate. HFD feeding induced a relatively mild non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-like phenotype characterized by hepatic histopathological alterations, including fatty changes and inflammation. GFRB supplementation attenuated these hepatic alterations, as reflected by a reduced NAFLD activity score in the low-dose GFRB group and decreased hepatic interleukin-6 levels in the high-dose GFRB group. Exploratory analyses also identified alterations in gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolite profiles, particularly in amino acid- and nitrogen-related metabolic pathways. Overall, these findings suggest that GFRB may attenuate early HFD-induced liver injury, potentially through modulation of hepatic inflammation. The accompanying gut microbiota and metabolomic changes should be considered exploratory observations that warrant further mechanistic investigation.

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PubMedArtificial organs2026-08-29

The Effects of Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration on Immunosuppressive Drug concentrations in an Ex-Vivo Model of the critically Ill Adult: (CITRIC) study.

Chumas Lucy A LA, Wallis Steven C SC, Sumi Chandra C, Abdul-Aziz Mohd Hafiz MH et al.

The pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressive drugs during continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) modalities such as continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) are poorly understood, yet these drugs are crucial for transplant and critically ill patients. An ex vivo adult CVVH circuit with AN69ST membrane was established, using whole blood (WB) or blood-crystalloid (BC) to simulate hypoproteinemia and anemia, across a range of ultrafiltration rates (UFR) (1000-4000 mL/h) and point-of-dilution. Study drugs (tacrolimus, ciclosporin, mycophenolic acid (MPA), hydrocortisone, and methylprednisolone) were administered at clinically relevant concentrations. Drug concentrations were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and sieving coefficient (Sc) and clearance (Cl) were calculated. Mean Sc and Cl were significantly higher for BC than WB: methylprednisolone (Sc: 0.44 vs. 0.19 p < 0.001; Cl: 17.31 mL/min vs. 6.99 mL/min p < 0.001), hydrocortisone (Sc: 0.20 vs. 0.09 p = 0.005; Cl: 7.12 mL/min vs. 3.15 mL/min p = 0.01), MPA (Sc: 0.05 vs. 0.02 p < 0.001; Cl: 1.83 mL/min vs. 0.71 mL/min p < 0.001), ciclosporin (Sc: 0.00 vs. 0.00 p = 0.008; Cl: 0.02 mL/min vs. 0.01 mL/min p = 0.004). Tacrolimus was undetectable in ultrafiltrate. Point-of-dilution had minimal effect, except at UFR 4000 mL/h where pre-dilution increased MPA and methylprednisolone clearance. Hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone were cleared by CVVH, while tacrolimus, ciclosporin, and MPA Cl were negligible or absent. Hypoproteinemia and anemia significantly increased drug Cl. These findings provide mechanistic insights and support the need for validation in clinical studies to guide dosing during CKRT.

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PubMedBioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy2026-08-29

Comparison of the Risk of Acute Anterior Uveitis Flare Between Adalimumab and Subcutaneous Infliximab in Patients with Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis and Prior Acute Anterior Uveitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Kwon Oh Chan OC, Ahn Soo Min SM, Hong Seokchan S, Seo Yeon Hong YH et al.

Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most common extra-musculoskeletal manifestation of radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA) and is an important consideration when selecting biological therapy. Although adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab are commonly used in patients with r-axSpA and AAU, direct comparative evidence, particularly between ADA and subcutaneous infliximab (IFX-SC), remains limited. The objective of this study was to compare the risk of AAU flare between ADA and IFX-SC in patients with r-axSpA and a history of AAU. This multicenter, head-to-head, randomized, open-label trial enrolled patients with r-axSpA and a documented AAU event within the preceding 2 years. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive ADA (40 mg every 2 weeks) or IFX-SC (intravenous 5 mg/kg induction followed by subcutaneous 120 mg every 2 weeks) and were followed for 48 weeks. The primary endpoint was AAU flare occurrence. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Secondary endpoints included changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), r-axSpA disease activity and functional indices, and safety outcomes. Fifty-six patients were randomized (ADA, n = 28; IFX-SC, n = 28). During follow-up, one AAU flare episode occurred in each group. The adjusted HR of IFX-SC (vs ADA) for an AAU flare was 0.496 (95% confidence interval 0.025-9.768, p = 0.645). No significant differences in secondary endpoints were observed between groups (right BCVA, p = 0.622; left BCVA, p = 0.306; Axial Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Score, p = 0.293; Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, p = 0.262; Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, p = 0.307). Adverse events were similar in frequency and severity, with no new safety signals identified. No statistically significant differences in AAU flare risk or secondary ocular and rheumatologic outcomes were observed between ADA and IFX-SC over 48 weeks in patients with r-axSpA and prior AAU. These findings suggest that IFX-SC may represent a potential alternative to ADA for AAU flare prevention as well as disease activity control in this population. Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), Republic of Korea; KCT0007239.

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PubMedBioorganic chemistry2026-08-29

A Pyrazole-Amide-Azobenzene scaffold for the photocontrollable modulation of succinate dehydrogenase: synthesis, photophysical and biological properties.

Hu Haoran H, Tang Wenbin W, Li Jiayu J, Wei Siyi S et al.

Aiming to resolve the issues resulting from the widespread use of antifungal in agricultural production, a series of novel Pyrazole-Amides-Azobenzenes (PAAs) has been designed and synthesized by incorporating the photochromic azobenzene moiety into the pharmacophore, endowing them with both antifungal and photoswitching properties. The majority of compounds (especially target compounds A3 and A4) achieved visible light-induced transition from the trans-isomer to cis-isomer. In addition, the in vitro inhibitory activity of compound A3 against Phytophthora capsici increased from an initial 64.2% (trans-isomer) to 89.2% (cis-isomer enriched) with irradiation of 410 nm light. Following the combined enzyme inhibition assays, molecular docking simulations, and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) indicate that these compounds function as ligands targeting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), exhibiting pronounced differences in enzyme inhibition efficacy between the cis- and trans-isomers. Notably, compounds A3 and A4 exhibited moderate SDH inhibition and low toxicity (against HK-2) in the absence of light irradiation, whereas their inhibitory activity against SDH and toxicity (against HK-2) were significantly enhanced upon irradiation at 410 nm. In addition, zebrafish embryo hatching research have demonstrated that both the trans and cis isomers of compound A4 exhibit low toxicity. Consequently, this light-controlled pharmacological behavior provides practical evidence supporting the application of the PAAs scaffold as a targeted succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) in agricultural production.

PMID 42667759
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