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sumatriptan succinate (sc) (DFN 11 / Zembrace SymTouch / DFN11)

✓ Approved

Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC. · HTR1B · Small Molecule

What is sumatriptan succinate (sc)?

sumatriptan succinate (sc) is a small molecule developed by Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDFN 11, Zembrace SymTouch, DFN11
CompanyUpsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetHTR1B, HTR1D
RouteInjectable (Others), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

sumatriptan succinate (sc) acts on 2 molecular targets:

HTR1B5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (HTR1DB, 5-HT1DB)
HTR1D5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D (HTR1DA, HT1DA)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

sumatriptan succinate (sc) is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Nervous system disordersMigraine✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of molecular sciences2026-10-16

Energy Metabolic Reprogramming Characterized by Succinate Accumulation Aggravates Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Yan Xiao-Lin XL, He Yu Y, Liu Xiao-Chen XC, Zhang Yu-Ni YN et al.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe inflammatory intestinal disorder of preterm infants associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. This study investigated energy metabolic alterations in NEC and the contribution of succinate to disease progression. Fecal energy metabolites were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in preterm infants and neonatal mice. Neonatal C57BL/6 mice were assigned to the Control, NEC, NEC+dimethyl malonate (DMM), NEC+succinate (Suc), and NEC+DMM+Suc groups. Ileal tissues were analyzed by metabolomics, transcriptomics, histopathology, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, Western blotting, reverse transcription quantitative PCR, and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity assays. Both human neonates and neonatal mice with NEC exhibited metabolic reprogramming characterized by prominent succinate accumulation. Exogenous succinate further altered intestinal metabolism, reduced survival, aggravated weight loss and intestinal injury, decreased tight junction protein expression and lamina propria CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell proportions, and enhanced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling. Intestinal SDH activity and succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA) expression were increased in NEC and further enhanced by exogenous succinate, accompanied by increased colocalization of SDHA with F4/80+ macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of SDH with DMM partially improved survival, intestinal injury, barrier disruption, and Treg loss, while suppressing HIF-1α/IL-1β signaling. These findings identify succinate accumulation as a metabolic hallmark of NEC and support a potential succinate-SDH-HIF-1α/IL-1β axis linking metabolic dysregulation to intestinal injury and immune imbalance.

PMID 42883936
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PubMedMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Selective Adsorption Separation of Sc(III) and Zr(IV) from Acidic Solutions via Zr-SBA-15 with Rich Oxygen-Vacancy Defective.

Zhang Chuanxin C, Shi Lei L, Zhang Zhonghao Z, Li Xinsheng X

Aiming at the challenging selective separation of zirconium (Zr) and scandium (Sc) in hydrochloric acid systems, this study designed a Zr-SBA-15-30 adsorbent featuring abundant surface oxygen vacancy defects. The as-synthesized material possesses an ordered mesoporous structure, a high specific surface area of 477.606 m2/g, and a high density of surface oxygen vacancies. In a strongly acidic binary HCl solution containing both Zr and Sc, Zr-SBA-15-30 exhibited exceptional separation performance, achieving an adsorption capacity of 128 mg/g for Zr and an outstanding separation factor (SFSc/Zr) as high as 3480. Fitting results from adsorption isotherms and kinetic models revealed that the adsorption process is predominantly governed by chemisorption and proceeds mainly via monolayer adsorption. The higher ionic character of the Zr-O bond relative to the Si-O bond, Zr doping induces a redistribution of the local electron cloud density on the framework surface, thereby forming electron-rich centers with higher polarizability and stronger coordination activity. Meanwhile, the oxygen vacancy defects introduced by plasma treatment create defect energy levels within the band gap. This synergistic effect of Zr doping and oxygen vacancies can significantly enhance the separation of Zr/Sc. This work provides a viable material design strategy for the efficient separation of Zr and Sc under strongly acidic conditions.

PMID 42882608
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PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Interfacial Molecular Behavior and Organization of Low-Fluorine Surfactants at the sc-CO2/Water Interface.

Xue Chunlong C, Feng Sihan S, Gao Shan S, Zhao Chenkang C et al.

Understanding the molecular organization of surfactants at the sc-CO2/water interface is essential for the rational design of CO2-philic interfacial formulations with reduced fluorine content. In this work, three low-fluorinated anionic surfactants (LF1-LF3) with different hydrophobic-tail architectures were investigated together with a fluorine-free branched co-surfactant (ZBJ) using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. DFT calculations revealed a clear amphiphilic segregation of solvent affinity: the fluorinated tails preferentially interacted with CO2, whereas the sulfonate headgroups exhibited stronger affinity for water. MD simulations showed that the surfactants, initially positioned at the sc-CO2/water interface, underwent interfacial reorganization and orientational ordering, with their fluorinated tails extending into the sc-CO2 phase and their hydrophilic headgroups oriented toward the aqueous phase. Tail branching strongly affected interfacial packing and structural stability; the three-tailed, claw-like LF3 formed the thickest and most thermodynamically stable monolayer, with an interfacial formation energy of -330.30 kJ/mol. In the LF3/ZBJ mixed system, ZBJ occupied packing voids between LF3 molecules, further stabilizing the mixed monolayer and yielding an interfacial formation energy of -342.07 kJ/mol. These results clarify how tail architecture, CO2-philic/hydrophilic partitioning, counterion coordination, and steric complementarity govern the interfacial organization and stabilization of low-fluorine surfactants, providing molecular-level guidance for the rational design of low-fluorine surfactant formulations for sc-CO2/water systems.

PMID 42883339
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PubMedMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Local Microstructural Environments Govern Evolution of Precipitate-Dislocation Interactions in an Al-Sc Alloy: Plasticity Regulation and Crack-Path Selection.

Gao Bo B, Li Tuo T, Ma Guoqiang G, Chu Zhibing Z

Nanoscale Al3Sc precipitates strongly influence dislocation transport and heterogeneous plastic deformation in Al-Sc alloys. Here, the environment-dependent evolution of precipitate-dislocation interactions in an Al-0.3 wt.% Sc alloy was investigated by in-situ TEM tensile testing, assisted by EBSD, TEM, EDS, and atomic-resolution HAADF-STEM. The ordered Al3Sc precipitates exhibit an average equivalent diameter of 27.0 ± 6.3 nm, an areal number density of ~27.5 μm-2, and an average center-to-center spacing of ~102 nm, corresponding to an effective obstacle spacing of ~75 nm. The modified Orowan model gives a critical shear-stress increment of ~67 MPa and a macroscopic strengthening contribution of ~205 MPa. During intragranular deformation, dislocations undergo repeated bowing, pinning, depinning, and renewed glide. Near grain boundaries, precipitate arrangements promote directional dislocation transport and heterogeneous strain accommodation. At the crack tip, selective pinning redistributes plastic flow, promotes crack-tip blunting, and activates alternative slip paths, contributing to crack-path deflection. These observations establish a continuous mechanistic link between nanoscale precipitate characteristics, dislocation transport, heterogeneous plasticity, and crack propagation in Al-Sc alloys.

PMID 42882709
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PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Biocatalytic Synthesis of Diethyl Succinate in Hydrophobic Trioctylphosphine Oxide (TOPO)-Based Reactive DES.

Nieto Susana S, Ruiz Francisco J FJ, Martinez-Garcia Juan J, Villa Rocio R et al.

Diethyl succinate (DEtS) synthesis by lipase-catalyzed direct esterification was successfully carried out in succinic acid (SA):trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) mixtures acting as reactive deep eutectic solvents (rDES). By this strategy, the succinic acid concentration in this non-aqueous eutectic mixture reaches up to 1.92 M at room temperature, enabling a suitable reaction system for the biocatalytic double esterification of SA with ethanol (EtOH) to yield DEtS. The best results were obtained when using an SA:TOPO equimolar ratio and a stepwise addition of EtOHinto the reaction system, leading to 92% SA conversion and 60% selectivity for the DEtS product synthesis after 20 h at 60 °C. For the subsequent pure product separation, the direct addition of dimethyl sulfoxide into the reaction system provokes TOPO crystallization, which is easily removed by filter centrifugation at room temperature. This novel approach, TOPO-based rDES, has been demonstrated as a green and low-waste strategy for biocatalytic diester synthesis under mild conditions, validated by green metrics.

PMID 42883168
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PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Enhanced Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability of Tegoprazan Using D-α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate-Based Melt Granulation System.

Jeong Min Gyeong MG, Kim Tae Hyoung TH, Yang In Gyu IG, Baek Yeon Ju YJ et al.

Tegoprazan (TPZ) is a promising potassium-competitive acid blocker, but its pH-dependent low solubility often leads to erratic oral absorption. Although several hydrophilic polymer-based amorphous solid dispersions have been attempted to enhance dissolution, they often suffer from thermodynamic instability or rely on complex, solvent-mediated manufacturing processes. Herein, to enhance dissolution and oral absorption, a crystalline drug-loaded melt granulation (MG) system using D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) was fabricated while maintaining stable physicochemical properties. MGs were prepared via a solvent-free, hot-melt process by optimizing the type of solid surfactant carrier, the ratio of drug to solid surfactant, and the type and ratio of flow-enhancing excipients. The optimized composition was TPZ:TPGS:microcrystalline cellulose = 1:2:4 (w/w/w). Solid-state analyses revealed that TPZ was uniformly dispersed within the granules while retaining its crystalline form. Compared to the raw drug, the MG showed remarkably faster and higher dissolution across both acidic and neutral media. Under long-term (25 °C/60% RH) and accelerated storage conditions (40 °C/75% RH) for 24 weeks, MG exhibited robust physicochemical stability, showing no drug degradation, changes in dissolution behavior, or crystalline alterations. Moreover, in a pharmacokinetic evaluation in Sprague-Dawley rats, MG provided marked absorption enhancement, yielding over 1.8-fold increases in exposure compared to the raw material. Consequently, the crystalline drug-loaded TPGS-based MG represents a promising strategy for improving the oral delivery of TPZ.

PMID 42883150
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