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fluticasone propionate + formoterol fumarate dihydrate

✓ Approved

Vectura Group Ltd · ADRB2 · Small Molecule

What is fluticasone propionate + formoterol fumarate dihydrate?

fluticasone propionate + formoterol fumarate dihydrate is a small molecule developed by Vectura Group Ltd. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled.

Drug Profile

CompanyVectura Group Ltd
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB2, NR3C1
RouteInhaled
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Vectura Group Ltd

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

fluticasone propionate + formoterol fumarate dihydrate acts on 2 molecular targets:

ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ARB2)
NR3C1nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (GR, GCCR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

fluticasone propionate + formoterol fumarate dihydrate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersAsthma✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Assessment of Antioxidant Capacity, Phytochemical Phenolic Composition, Cholinesterase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities, and Antimicrobial Potential of Tribulus terrestris.

Ndhlala Ashwell R AR, Dikici Emrah E, Altın Sevgi S, Kavaz Yüksel Arzu A et al.

Tribulus terrestris (TT) is a medicinal plant traditionally utilized in the management of various health conditions, including inflammation, edema, and hypertension. The present study aimed to investigate the phenolic profile of the ethanolic extract of TT and to evaluate its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties. Phenolic analysis revealed several quantified compounds, including vanillic acid, resveratrol, fumaric acid, acetohydroxamic acid, quercetin, hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, butein, caffeic acid, and catechin hydrate, while phloridzin dihydrate was detected below the quantification limit. Among the detected compounds, vanillic acid was found to be the predominant phenolic component. Biological activity assays demonstrated that the extract possessed remarkable cholinesterase inhibitory potential, exhibiting IC50 values of 9.11 ± 2.12 μg mL-1 and 8.77 ± 0.62 μg mL-1 against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), respectively. Furthermore, antioxidant capacity was confirmed through FRAP and CUPRAC assays, with corresponding values of 0.136 and 0.296. The antimicrobial efficacy of the extract was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium, revealing inhibitory effects against all tested bacterial strains. Overall, the findings indicate that the TT represents a promising natural source of phenolic compounds with significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and enzyme inhibitory activities, supporting its potential application in the development of pharmaceutical and therapeutic products.

PMID 42883138
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PubMedThe Journal of physiology2026-10-16

Warburg redefined: Metabolites, mitochondria and macrophages in immune regulation.

Min Yukun Y, Henry Órlaith C ÓC, O'Neill Luke A J LAJ

Nearly 100 years ago, Otto Warburg observed that cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen, supporting rapid cell growth. Since then, the concept of the Warburg effect has expanded far beyond tumour bioenergetics and is now recognised as a key feature of immune cell activation. A notable example is in macrophages, which, following pro-inflammatory stimulation, undergo Warburg-like metabolic reprogramming, characterised by increased glycolysis. Recent studies have shown that accumulated metabolites such as lactate have a range of immunoregulatory functions that shape macrophage inflammatory responses. In addition, glycolytic enzymes have been found to exert non-canonical functions that directly regulate macrophage immune signalling. Mitochondria, once considered suppressed during Warburg reprogramming, also undergo profound changes, with the electron transport chain generating reactive oxygen species and metabolites such as succinate, fumarate and itaconate playing complex immunoregulatory roles, and mitochondrial dynamics actively shaping metabolism and immune responses. Together, these findings redefine the Warburg effect in macrophages as a coordinated metabolic and signalling process that integrates glycolysis, mitochondrial function and immunometabolite signalling to optimise context-dependent immune responses.

PMID 42885587
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PubMedAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2026-10-16

Chromium Propionate and Zilpaterol Hydrochloride Supplementation in Finishing Lambs: Growth Performance, Body Composition, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality.

Hernández-Tovar Anselmo A, Hernández-García Esaúl E, Lazalde-Cruz Rosalba R, Rodríguez-Cordero Daniel D et al.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chromium propionate (Cr-Pr) and zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) supplementation on growth performance, performance-derived estimates of dietary energy utilization, body composition, carcass traits, wholesale cut distribution, and meat quality of finishing lambs. Forty intact male Dorper × Katahdin lambs were blocked by initial body weight (38.21 ± 1.72 kg) and assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (n = 10/treatment): Control (0 Cr-Pr + 0 ZH), ZH (0 Cr-Pr + 7.2 mg ZH/lamb/d), Cr-Pr (1.2 mg elemental Cr/lamb/d + 0 ZH), and Cr-Pr + ZH (1.2 mg elemental Cr/lamb/d + 7.2 mg ZH/lamb/d). The experimental period lasted 45 d; Cr-Pr was supplemented throughout d 1-45, whereas ZH was administered during d 15-42, followed by a 3 d withdrawal period (d 43-45). Under the conditions evaluated, Cr-Pr, ZH, and their interaction did not affect growth performance or performance-derived estimates of dietary energy utilization (p > 0.05); however, both compounds produced specific changes in body composition and carcass traits. Supplementation with Cr-Pr reduced omental, visceral, and perirenal fat by 21.8, 18.6, and 18.7%, respectively (p ≤ 0.044), and increased longissimus muscle area (LMA) by 5.3% (p = 0.013). An interaction between Cr-Pr and ZH was detected for rib fat thickness (FAT) (p = 0.050), with the ZH and Cr-Pr individual treatments showing lower FAT than Control and Cr-Pr + ZH. Supplementation with ZH increased dressing percentage by 7.2% (p = 0.048). Regarding wholesale cuts, classified according to Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications (IMPS), Cr-Pr increased shoulder (IMPS 206) and loin (IMPS 231) proportions by 10.3 and 10.6%, respectively, and reduced shoulder (IMPS 207) by 3.3% (p = 0.043), whereas ZH increased breast (IMPS 209) weight by 15.0% and its proportion of cold carcass weight (CCW) by 9.7% (p ≤ 0.042). Interactions between Cr-Pr and ZH were also detected for ribs (IMPS 209A) and flank (IMPS 232) weights (p ≤ 0.047). Supplementation did not affect meat quality traits (p ≥ 0.217). Overall, Cr-Pr was associated with reduced internal fat deposition and increased LMA and loin (IMPS 231) proportion, whereas ZH modified dressing percentage and breast (IMPS 209) weight and proportion of CCW. These responses occurred without changes in growth performance or performance-derived estimates of dietary energy utilization and without detectable changes in the evaluated meat quality traits. The interactions observed for FAT, ribs (IMPS 209A), and flank (IMPS 232) were trait-specific and did not indicate a consistent benefit of the combination.

PMID 42883037
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PubMedFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Depolymerized Fucoidan Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Association with Alterations in Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Profiles.

Sun Xiaona X, Bai Lin L, Su Changyu C, Ai Chunqing C et al.

Obesity is a major global health concern associated with various metabolic disorders. Fucoidan, a seaweed-derived sulfated polysaccharide, has shown potential in alleviating obesity through modulation of gut microbiota. However, comparative effects of native and depolymerized fucoidan (Dfuc) on HFD-induced obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis remain unclear. In this study, we compared the anti-obesity effects of fucoidan and Dfuc and evaluated their regulatory effects on gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in HFD-fed mice. Results showed that fucoidan and Dfuc reduced body weight gain, fat accumulation and hepatic lipid abnormalities. They also alleviated liver injury and oxidative stress and inflammation in hepatic and colonic tissues, with Dfuc significantly improving parameters such as serum AST, hepatic MDA, SOD activity, and TNF-α expression compared to the HF group. Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis showed that both fucoidan and Dfuc treatments enriched Alloprevotella and Allobaculum, while fucoidan increased Akkermansia and Blautia, and Dfuc promoted Bifidobacterium and Romboutsia. Moreover, metabolite analysis showed that Dfuc significantly increased fecal acetate and propionate concentrations, and induced more pronounced changes in fecal metabolites related to amino acid, carbohydrate, and bile acid metabolism. These findings suggest that Dfuc holds potential as a functional food ingredient for alleviating HFD-induced obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis.

PMID 42883615
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PubMedInternational journal of molecular sciences2026-10-16

Impact of Triacetin- and Tributyrin-Based Formulations on IBS Microbiome Composition and SCFA Profiles: A Preclinical Study.

Jenkins Sánchez Liam L, Poppe Jonas J, Baudot Aurélien A, Vu Lam Dai LD et al.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent yet poorly understood functional gut disorder frequently associated with microbial dysbiosis, making microbiome-targeting interventions a promising management strategy. In this study, we evaluated the microbiome-modulating potential of three doses of triacetin (TA; ReBiome™; 100, 200 and 300 mg/day) and two finished formulations containing TA and/or tributyrin (TB): Active Biome™ (AB) and Bio Complete 3™ (BC3). Inulin served as a benchmark prebiotic. The validated ex vivo Systemic Intestinal Fermentation Research (SIFR®) technology pipeline was applied using fecal microbiota from eight adults with IBS. TA dose-dependently increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels from 100 mg/day, significantly increasing acetate and butyrate while maintaining low gas formation. In addition to acetate and butyrate, AB and BC3 also promoted propionate while BC3 induced a particularly pronounced butyrate increase. Overall, both formulations induced stronger SCFA but milder gas increases than inulin. TA, AB and BC3 enriched IBS-depleted, butyrate-associated OTUs related to Faecalibacterium and Anaerobutyricum species. AB and BC3 increased microbial diversity (community modulation score (CMS)) by promoting Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidaceae. Overall, TA and TA/TB-containing formulations promoted butyrate production, potentially helping mitigate IBS symptom severity by inducing a favorable fermentation profile with limited gas formation.

PMID 42884152
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PubMedImmunology2026-10-16

Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes That Drive Trained Immunity in Response to Microbes and Vaccines.

Abebaw Desalegn D, Atnaf Aytenew A, Tegegne Bantayehu Addis BA, Fenta Abebe A et al.

Trained immunity is a form of innate immune memory in which initial exposure to microbial components or vaccines leads to long-lasting functional reprogramming of innate immune cells through epigenetic and metabolic changes. Unlike adaptive immunity, it does not rely on B or T lymphocytes and provides broad, nonspecific protection against various pathogens. This phenomenon has been observed across a range of immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells and even γδ T-cells, as well as at the level of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Key inducers include microbial products (e.g., β-glucan, BCG and MMR vaccines), metabolic byproducts (e.g., mevalonate and lactate) and cytokines such as IL-1β. These agents activate signalling pathways such as the Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α pathway and lead to chromatin remodelling via histone modifications such as H3K4me3 and H3K9me3. Immunometabolism plays a pivotal role, with trained cells shifting toward glycolysis, glutaminolysis and cholesterol synthesis. Lactate and fumarate further link metabolism to epigenetic remodelling. Notably, trained immunity can be protective in infectious diseases and beneficial in noninfectious contexts, such as cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune regulation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cellular, epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms underlying trained immunity, highlighting how innate immune cells acquire memory-like properties independent of adaptive immunity. This study also provides insights into the therapeutic potential of leveraging trained immunity for vaccine development, infection control and immunomodulation in noninfectious diseases.

PMID 42885325
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