Drug Database
TI

timolol (timolol, Merck / Timoptol)

✓ Approved

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. · ADRB1 · Small Molecule

What is timolol?

timolol is a small molecule developed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via others.

Drug Profile

Brand Namestimolol, Merck, Timoptol
CompanyTeva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB1, ADRB2
RouteOthers
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

timolol acts on 2 molecular targets:

ADRB1adrenoceptor beta 1 (B1AR, RHR)
ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ADRBR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

timolol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Eye disordersGlaucoma✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedIndian journal of ophthalmology2026-10-16

Gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy versus trabeculectomy with phacoemulsification in primary open angle glaucoma - One-year outcomes.

Maheshwari Devendra D, Shivakumar Shreedhar S, Pillai Madhavi R MR, Nagdev Nimrita Gyanchand NG et al.

To assess the safety and efficacy of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) with phacoemulsification in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). In this prospective, nonrandomized, comparative study, patients with POAG underwent either phaco-GATT (Group A, n = 75) or phacotrabeculectomy (Group B, n = 77) and were followed up for one year. Changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), antiglaucoma medications (AGMs), complications, and success rates over one year were compared. Success rate was described under two criteria: 1: IOP between 6 and 21 mmHg and a decrease of >20% from the baseline; 2: IOP between 6 and 18 mmHg and a decrease of >25% from the baseline. Mean IOP decreased by 25.1%, from 17.93 ± 4.29 mmHg to 13.00 ± 3.18 mmHg (P < 0.001) in Group A (n = 70) and by 28% from 17.81 ± 4.52 mmHg to 12.16 ± 3.28 mmHg (P < 0.001) in Group B (n = 74) at one year. AGM reduced from 1.03 ± 0.43 to 0.09 ± 0.29 in Group A (P < 0.001) and from 1.04 ± 0.41 to 0.16 ± 0.37 in Group B (P < 0.001), with no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.24). 91.4% of patients in Group A and 85.1% in Group B were free of medications. The cumulative one-year success was 68% and 63.6% by Criteria 1 (P = 0.52) and 60% and 50.7% by Criteria 2 (P = 0.23) in Groups A and B, respectively, with no significant difference between the groups. Sixteen patients in Group A had microhyphema, seven had macrohyphema, and two patients underwent anterior chamber (AC) wash. Four patients in Group B had hypotony, one required conjunctival resuturing, and one required AC reformation. Phaco-GATT demonstrated comparable intraocular pressure reduction, medication independence, and surgical success rates to phacotrabeculectomy at one year, with minimal complications.

PMID 42885835
Read full article →
PubMedArquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia2026-10-15

Bovine pericardium as a patch graft in glaucoma drainage implant surgery: a case series.

Endo Camila Matsuura CM, Sousa Luciene Barbosa de LB, Fernandes Rodrigo Antônio Brant RAB, Andrade Mirella Millena Carmo de MMC et al.

To evaluate the short-term safety and efficacy of bovine pericardium as a patch graft in glaucoma drainage implant surgery. We included 10 eyes from 10 patients with glaucoma. All patients underwent glaucoma drainage implant surgery using a bovine pericardial patch graft. The pericardial membrane was trimmed to 5 × 7 mm and used to cover the tube's scleral track. Intraocular pressure, best-corrected visual acuity, and the number of antiglaucoma medications were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively on Days 1, 7, 14, 28, 45, 60, 75, and 90. Conjunctival hyperemia and intraocular inflammation were clinically graded postoperatively. Symptoms, including foreign body sensation, itching, and tearing, as well as postoperative complications, were recorded. Surgical failure was defined as tube exposure resulting from erosion of the overlying patch graft and conjunctiva. The mean patient age was 63.4±15.6 years (range, 45-87 years). The most common postoperative symptom was foreign body sensation. During follow-up, three eyes developed asymptomatic thinning of the pericardial graft overlying the tube; in one of these eyes, the thinning progressed to tube exposure (10.0%; 95% CI, 0.3-44.5). No cases of endophthalmitis were observed. In this short-term follow-up study, bovine pericardium may be a viable alternative for coverage of glaucoma drainage implants. Larger studies with longer follow-up periods are warranted to confirm these findings.

PMID 42879646
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA2026-10-14

Nonselective beta-blockers and hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis:A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Kuo Tai-Hui TH, Chen Yu-Jen YJ, Lee Pei-Chang PC, Yang Tsung-Chieh TC et al.

Liver cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and related complications, including ascites, esophageal varices, and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Non-selective beta blockers (NSBBs) decrease portal pressure, but it is not yet clear whether they contribute to HE development. Therefore, we examined the association between NSBB therapy and HE in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving patients with cirrhosis. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library (from inception to December 31, 2024) for RCTs comparing NSBBs with a placebo, endoscopic band ligation, or injection sclerotherapy for variceal bleeding prevention in relation to HE. The risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroups were defined according to the comparator, NSBB type, and hepatic function status (weighted mean Child-Pugh score ≤6 vs. >6). The risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). There were 12 relevant studies, which included 775 NSBB-treated and 771 comparator patients (54 and 57 HE events). NSBB therapy was not associated with a statistically significant change in HE risk (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.73-1.47; p = 0.84; I² = 0%). Estimates were consistent across all subgroups of hepatic function statuses (compensation, RR 1.18, 0.44-3.14; decompensation, RR 1.02, 0.70-1.48; p = 0.79), comparators (placebo, RR 1.19, 0.79-1.80; endoscopic therapy, RR 0.72, 0.38-1.39; p = 0.20), and NSBB types (propranolol/timolol, RR 1.06, 0.72-1.55; carvedilol, RR 0.95, 0.42-2.15; p = 0.82). Current evidence does not indicate a statistically significant association between NSBB therapy and HE development in patients with cirrhosis, regardless of disease severity.

PMID 42870342
Read full article →
PubMedActa paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)2026-10-10

Oral Propranolol Versus Topical Timolol for the Treatment of Infantile Haemangiomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Weng Liwen L, Zuo Hongli H, Zhao Min M, Dong Jialin J

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of oral propranolol versus topical timolol for the treatment of superficial infantile haemangiomas. We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from inception to April 23, 2026. Only randomized controlled trials comparing oral propranolol with topical timolol for superficial infantile haemangiomas were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias 2.0 tool. The primary outcomes were overall response rate and incidence of systemic adverse events. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed-effect models. Seven randomized controlled trials comprising 428 infants were included. Topical timolol was comparable to oral propranolol in overall response rate (RR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.97-1.23, p = 0.17; I2 = 0%). Topical timolol significantly reduced the risk of systemic adverse events compared with oral propranolol (RR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.20-0.59, p < 0.0001; I2 = 9%). Topical timolol demonstrates comparable efficacy to oral propranolol for superficial infantile haemangiomas and has a significantly superior safety profile with a 65% reduction in systemic adverse events.

PMID 42855991
Read full article →
PubMed[Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology2026-10-10

[Efficacy and safety of trabeculotome tunnelling trabeculoplasty with versus without phacoemulsification in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and cataract].

Qiu Q Q, He C Z CZ, Wang S Z SZ, Huang X D XD et al.

Objective: To compare clinical outcomes of combined trabeculotome tunnelling trabeculoplasty (3T) and phacoemulsification vs. 3T alone for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with cataract. Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Patients with POAG and cataract who underwent 3T combined with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation or 3T alone at Chengdu Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital between January 2023 and December 2024 were enrolled. They were divided into two groups according to surgical modality: the observation group with eyes receiving 3T combined with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation and the control group with those receiving 3T alone. The intraocular pressure (IOP), best-corrected visual acuity [converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logMAR)], number of antiglaucoma medications, and complications were recorded on postoperative day 1, week 1, month 1, month 3, and month 6, and the success rate at 6 months was evaluated. Results: There were 59 patients (71 eyes), with a mean age of (62.81±7.80) years, including 38 males and 21 females. The observation group comprised 35 eyes and the control group 36 eyes. The preoperative IOP was (23.76±5.01) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) in the observation group and (24.56±6.08) mmHg in the control group; at 6 months postoperatively, the IOP decreased to (15.28±2.80) mmHg and 15.00 (13.50, 18.00) mmHg, respectively. Both groups showed a significant IOP reduction from baseline (P<0.05), but the difference between groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). At 6 months, the best-corrected visual acuity in the observation group improved significantly from baseline, with a mean improvement of 0.38 logMAR (P<0.05), whereas no significant improvement was observed in the control group (P>0.05). The number of antiglaucoma medications decreased postoperatively in both groups, with no statistically significant difference between groups (P>0.05). Regarding complications, the incidence of hyphema was 5.7% (2/35) in the observation group and 11.1% (4/36) in the control group, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). The incidence of IOP rebound was 20.0% (7/35) in the observation group, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (41.7%, 15/36) (P<0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, the overall success rate was 88.6% in the observation group and 80.6% in the control group, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusions: The 6-month follow-up results of this study indicate that 3T combined with cataract extraction is a safe and effective treatment for POAG with cataract, significantly improving visual acuity, effectively reducing IOP, and decreasing the number of antiglaucoma medications, with a low rate of postoperative complications.

PMID 42855778
Read full article →
PubMedCurrent eye research2026-10-09

Phaco-Trabeculectomy Versus Phaco-XEN63 Gel Stent in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Cataract: A Retrospective Comparative Study.

Fantaguzzi Francesca F, Monsellato Gianluca G, Morante Davide D, Tomaselli Davide D et al.

To compare outcomes of XEN® Gel Stent implantation (Phaco-XEN63) versus trabeculectomy (Phaco-Trab) combined with phacoemulsification in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and visually significant cataract. Retrospective, single-center study. Surgical success at 12 months was defined with three intraocular pressure (IOP) thresholds: ≤18 mmHg with ≥20% reduction (criterion A), ≤15 mmHg (criterion B), and ≤12 mmHg (criterion C). Outcomes were classified as complete success (without medications) and qualified success (with or without medications). IOP, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), number of antiglaucoma medications, postoperative procedures and complications were recorded through 12 months. Thirty-four eyes were included (Phaco-Trab, n = 16; Phaco-XEN63, n = 18). Both procedures significantly reduced IOP and medication use versus baseline. From 1 to 12 months, mean IOP was consistently lower after Phaco-Trab (all p < 0.05); at 12 months, mean IOP was 9.73 ± 3.68 mmHg (Phaco-Trab) and 13.41 ± 3.00 mmHg (Phaco-XEN63). Medication reduction was greater with Phaco-Trab (p = 0.017). Complete success was more frequent after Phaco-Trab under all three criteria, whereas qualified success differed significantly only under criterion C. Postoperative interventions were more frequent after Phaco-XEN63. Difference in BCVA change was not statistically significant. Both combined procedures effectively lowered IOP and reduced medication burden. However, Phaco-Trab was associated with lower IOP at 12 months and higher complete success rates. Given the small sample size and the retrospective, non-randomized design, these findings should be interpreted cautiously, particularly regarding qualified success and comparative safety.

PMID 42850932
Read full article →

+7502 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about timolol