Drug Database
LH

LH + FSH (Menopur / LH + FSH, Ferring / Meropur)

✓ Approved

Ferring · FSHR

What is LH + FSH?

LH + FSH is a therapeutic agent developed by Ferring. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesMenopur, LH + FSH, Ferring, Meropur
CompanyFerring
Molecular TargetFSHR, LHCGR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Ferring

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

LH + FSH acts on 2 molecular targets:

FSHRfollicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHRO, ODG1)
LHCGRluteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (ULG5, LH/CGR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

LH + FSH is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Reproductive system and breast disordersInfertility female✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in endocrinology2026-08-29

Irisin and endocrine-metabolic indicators as predictors of IVF-ET pregnancy outcomes in Chinese women with PCOS.

Wang Huixia H, Su Chunlin C, Jin Wei W, Lu Weiwei W et al.

To evaluate the association of serum irisin, together with reproductive endocrine and metabolic indicators, with clinical pregnancy outcomes following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This single-center retrospective cohort study included 92 infertile PCOS patients who underwent their first IVF-ET treatment at our hospital from February 2022 to February 2024. Available baseline data, IVF-related treatment parameters, reproductive endocrine and metabolic indicators were retrospectively collected from the medical records, and pregnancy outcomes were followed up. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate independent factors affecting pregnancy outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to assess the predictive value of related indicators. The pregnancy success group (n=44) was younger, required a lower total dose of gonadotropins (Gn), and retrieved more oocytes (P<0.05). Regarding reproductive endocrine parameters, the success group had higher levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (P), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and a lower luteinizing hormone (LH)/FSH ratio (P<0.05). Metabolically, the success group showed significantly lower fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels compared with the failure group (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that LH/FSH ratio (OR = 0.616), free testosterone index (FTI, OR = 0.363), irisin (OR = 0.401), and Gn dosage (OR = 0.445) were independent factors associated with lower odds of clinical pregnancy success (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis suggested that LH/FSH ratio, free testosterone index (FTI), irisin, and Gn dosage had moderate predictive value for pregnancy outcomes. The reproductive endocrine and metabolic characteristics of PCOS patients partially influence pregnancy outcomes following IVF-ET. Among the available endocrine, metabolic, and treatment-related indicators, LH/FSH ratio, FTI, irisin, and Gn dosage may serve as reference indicators for predicting IVF-ET pregnancy outcomes, suggesting that a more favorable endocrine and metabolic profile may be related to improved clinical pregnancy probability.

PMID 42666139
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of visualized experiments : JoVE2026-08-29

Lycopus lucidus Extract Improves Experimental Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Remodeling.

Liu Haiyan H, Song Weiwei W, Xiao Bing B, Wang Jinfeng J

This study investigated the therapeutic effects of ZeLan extract on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and evaluated its association with gut microbiota-metabolome remodeling. Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into Control, PCOS Model induced by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and ZeLan treatment groups (n = 8 each). After 28 days of intervention, serum hormone levels were measured by ELISA; gut microbiota composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and serum metabolic profiles were characterized by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Spearman correlation analysis with multiple-testing control was performed to explore microbiota-metabolome associations. ZeLan significantly improved PCOS-associated phenotypes, reducing body weight, testosterone (0.92 vs. 1.85 ng/mL, P < 0.05), LH/FSH ratio, and insulin levels compared with the Model group. Sequencing showed that ZeLan partially restored microbial alpha diversity (Shannon index: 5.79 vs. 4.19) and decreased the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. ZeLan was associated with enrichment of Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus and lower abundance of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Escherichia. Metabolomics identified 52 altered metabolite features, with key changes involving steroid hormones, bile acids such as lithocholic acid, and short-chain fatty acids such as butyric acid. These findings suggest that ZeLan ameliorates PCOS-related endocrine and metabolic disturbances and is associated with remodeling of gut microbial and serum metabolic profiles.

PMID 42667222
Read full article →
PubMedMolecular biology reports2026-08-29

NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with formaldehyde-induced reproductive and metabolic dysfunction: protective role of quercetin in rats.

Banerjee Arnab A, Roy Jayati J, Banerjee Arnab A, Banerjee Aditi A et al.

Environmental pollutants, including common industrial chemicals, have been associated with global declines in male reproductive health. However, the relationships with formaldehyde (F) exposure, metabolic imbalance, and testicular impairment are still unknown. This study hypothesized that subchronic formaldehyde exposure triggers the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome cascade to promote both metabolic and reproductive damage and that such effects can be attenuated by the flavonoid quercettin. In a male rat model (n = 8) of subchronic F (3% formaldehyde/day intraperitoneally at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight for 21 days) treatment, with or without quercetin (dissolved in 5% DMSO in distilled water at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight, orally), were given for 21 days along with a normal control group. After the treatment period, metabolic profiling, sperm analysis, hormonal assays, histology, and molecular investigations were determined. Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism software (version 10.0). Normality was checked with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and one‑way ANOVA was used to compare groups, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. F treatment induced significant systemic metabolic dysfunction (increased FBG and HbA1c; decreased insulin), testicular damage (decreased sperm count, viability, motility, as well as testosterone, LH, and FSH concentrations), oxidative stress (increased pro-oxidants and intracellular reactive oxygen species; decreased endogenous antioxidants), fibrosis followed by apoptosis. Mechanistically, F triggers DAMP-associated sterile inflammation via TNF-α and TLR4 to promote NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while repressing steroidogenic gene expression. Most F-induced alterations were dose-associated and ameliorated by quercetin co-treatment, with the highest dose (100 mg/kg) showing the most significant efficacy. The molecular docking results suggest that the binding affinities of quercetin to TNF, TLR4, NF-κB and NLRP3 may be higher than those of F. This study provides initial evidence that formaldehyde triggers DAMP-associated sterile inflammation with disruption of metabolism and reproduction, and it also demonstrates the potential benefit of quercetin treatment as a nutraceutical against environmental aldehydes by suppressing multitarget pathways.

PMID 42667327
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in endocrinology2026-08-29

A retrospective cohort study comparing controlled ovarian stimulation protocols for IVF/ICSI in women with endometriosis and diminished ovarian reserve.

Zhang Fangfang F, Chen Yan Y, Lv Chen C, Ni Fengjiao F et al.

Assisted reproductive treatment for women with endometriosis and diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) is challenging, and the optimal controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocol for this population remains uncertain. This study compared four commonly used COS regimens for IVF/ICSI in women with EM and DOR. In this retrospective cohort (2014-2023), 859 IVF/ICSI cycles in women aged 40 years or younger with EM and DOR were allocated to four COS protocols (ultra-long, long, short, antagonist). The primary outcomes were cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) and live birth rate (LBR) per started cycle; clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) was secondary. Between-protocol differences were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for age, infertility duration, history of endometrioma cystectomy, basal FSH, LH, E2, AMH, antral follicle count, BMI, and COS protocol, with additional stabilized inverse-probability-weighting and 1:1:1:1 propensity score matching used to address confounding by indication. The analysis included a total of 859 cycles, which were allocated into four treatment groups: the short protocol (n=295), the long protocol (n=145), the ultra-long protocol (n=202), and the antagonist protocol (n=217). Among these, the ultra-long protocol yielded the highest CLBR of 48.5%, LBR of 36.6%, and CPR of 41.1%. After PSM, the advantage difference of the ultra-long protocol is more significant. A subsequent multivariable logistic regression analysis confirmed that the ultra-long protocol was significantly more effective for achieving a live birth than the other protocols in the study: long protocol (OR: 0.577, P = 0.042), short protocol (OR: 0.608, P = 0.028), and antagonist protocol (OR: 0.486, P = 0.004). Similarly, the short (OR: 0.559, P = 0.010) and antagonist (OR: 0.484, P = 0.004) protocols were less effective for CPR. For infertile women aged 40 years or younger with endometriosis and DOR undergoing fresh embryo transfers, the ultra-long protocol appears to be more beneficial than the long, short, and antagonist protocols in terms of cumulative live birth, live birth, and clinical pregnancy rates.

PMID 42666230
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in reproductive health2026-08-29

Emerging peptide and neuroendocrine strategies for TRT-induced reproductive suppression and functional male hypogonadism: a narrative review.

Cretu Ana-Maria AM, Kamar Ahmed Adel Mansour AAM, Ciobica Alin A, Puia Dragos D et al.

The growing burden of male hypogonadism has raised concerns regarding the potential impact of modern lifestyles and environmental exposures on male reproductive health. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is widely used for the treatment of male hypogonadism. However, prolonged TRT may suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis, resulting in reduced gonadotropin production, decreased intratesticular testosterone levels, impaired spermatogenesis, testicular atrophy, and compromised fertility. Current management strategies, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), can support recovery in some patients, but their effectiveness remains variable. This narrative review examines the emerging role of peptide and neuroendocrine strategies in TRT-induced reproductive suppression and functional male hypogonadism. A structured literature search was conducted to identify experimental, translational, and clinical studies investigating reproductive peptides and related neuroendocrine pathways. Particular attention was given to kisspeptin-based therapies, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-related approaches, neurokinin signaling pathways, and other developing interventions with potential relevance to male reproductive health. Current evidence suggests that peptide-based therapies may support endogenous hormonal signaling through targeted activation of the HPT axis. However, direct evidence demonstrating restoration of spermatogenesis or fertility following TRT-induced suppression remains limited, and important questions regarding long-term efficacy, safety, treatment protocols, and patient selection remain unresolved. Emerging peptide therapeutics represent a growing area of interest in reproductive endocrinology and may expand future treatment options for selected patients. Nevertheless, further well-designed clinical studies are required to establish their long-term efficacy, safety, and role in restoring reproductive function following TRT-induced suppression.

PMID 42666625
Read full article →
PubMedInternational journal of endocrinology2026-08-28

Efficacy of Appropriate Techniques of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Physical Therapy in Patients With Insulin-Associated Lipohypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Jiang Liqing L, Fang Honglian H, Tao Xumei X, Wang Liping L

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and physical therapy on the lipohypertrophy (LH) people by conducting meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We performed a literature search on China Knowledge Network Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, VIP.com, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov in June 30, 2024, for RCTs. Standardized mean difference (SMD) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and publication bias analyses were also conducted. A total of 31 RCTs involving 3496 participants with LH were included in this analysis. Meta-analyses revealed that appropriate TCM interventions significantly improved the curative effect in individuals with LH (OR = 5.52; 95% CI: 3.98-7.65; p < 0.0001). Furthermore, preliminary analyses suggested potential benefits of the TCM intervention on HbA1c levels (SMD = -0.42; 95% CI: -0.63 to -0.22; p < 0.0001), as well as on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2-h postload plasma glucose levels. The present meta-analysis suggests that appropriate technology of TCM intervention was effective in improving the curative effect, HbA1c level, FBG, and 2hPG. Physical therapy may be effective for the treatment of LH. However, the quality of the included RCTs for appropriate technology of TCM is low to moderate and the number of RCTs for physical therapy is limited.

PMID 42662816
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about LH + FSH