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amphotericin B (Amphomul)

✓ Approved

Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is amphotericin B?

amphotericin B is a small molecule developed by Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intravenous (iv).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAmphomul
CompanyBharat Serums and Vaccines Limited
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteInjectable (Others), Intravenous (IV)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited

Therapeutic Indications

amphotericin B is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsLeishmaniasis✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsWound infection fungal✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Construction and Performance Evaluation of a Bifidobacterium Delivery System Based on TBP-SA Pickering Emulsion Gels.

Xu Xia X, Yang Zhiqiang Z, Shen Xueli X, Cao Yanan Y et al.

An emulsion gel (EG-B) was fabricated through in situ calcium crosslinking of Pickering emulsions stabilized by tartary buckwheat protein-sodium alginate (TBP-SA) nanocomplexes for the encapsulation and delivery of Bifidobacterium longum. Control samples, including free bacteria (Free-B), Pickering emulsions (PE-B), and oil-free hydrogels (HG-B), were used to assess encapsulation efficiency, microstructure, rheological properties, thermal stability, dilution stability, gastrointestinal resistance, storage stability, and colonic adhesion of EG-B. The EG-B exhibited a dual structure comprising a compact Pickering interfacial membrane and a continuous calcium alginate gel network with solid-like rheology (G'>>G″) and viscosity of approximately 100 Pa·s, achieving 92.66% encapsulation efficiency. Viable counts exceeded 6 log CFU/g after pasteurization (72 °C, 15 s) and reached 6.12 log CFU/g post-simulated gastrointestinal digestion, significantly surpassing those of PE-B (5.12 log CFU/g) and HG-B (4.45 log CFU/g). Furthermore, EG-B displayed the highest viable retention during 14-day storage at 4 °C and 25 °C, along with a greater colonic adhesion efficiency (55.64%) compared to PE-B (47.09%) and HG-B (44.65%). The combination of interfacial stabilization and gel network formation provided by the TBP-SA complex presents a straightforward, food-grade strategy for probiotic delivery.

PMID 42883609
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PubMedJournal of the science of food and agriculture2026-10-16

Enhancing antioxidant capacity of chitosan-caseinophosphopeptides nanocomplexes-stabilized Pickering emulsion by incorporating theaflavin-3,3'-digallate.

Jiang Yike Y, Zhu Jieyu J, Zhang Xiaotao X, Huang Qingrong Q

Emulsions are common colloidal systems in food products, yet their quality is frequently compromised by lipid oxidation. We have recently developed a new Pickering emulsion stabilized by genipin cross-linked chitosan-caseinophosphopeptides nanocomplexes (GCNs). However, this system remains susceptible to oxidative deterioration, which may adversely affect both product quality and emulsion stability. In this study, a natural antioxidant, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF-3), was encapsulated within GCNs to improve oxidative protection. Incorporation of TF-3 did not significantly alter the surface charge but increased the size of GCNs. The TF-3-loaded GCNs effectively stabilized oil-in-water type Pickering emulsions with gel-like rheological properties, and TF-3 further strengthened the gel network. These Pickering emulsions exhibited markedly enhanced oxidative stability compared to the oil-water physical mixture and a conventional emulsion during long-term storage at 40°C, as evidenced by reduced formation of both primary and secondary oxidation products. The extent of oxidative protection was concentration-dependent, with higher TF-3 loadings leading to lower levels of oxidation products. Moreover, TF-3 localized at the oil-water interface demonstrated superior antioxidant efficacy relative to its distribution in either the oil phase or water phase, highlighting the critical role of interfacial localization in maximizing oxidative stability in Pickering emulsion systems. In conclusion, TF-3-loaded GCNs effectively stabilized food-grade oil-in-water Pickering emulsions with gel-like networks and concentration-dependent oxidative protection. Importantly, interfacial localization of TF-3 maximized its antioxidant efficacy, highlighting interfacial engineering as a promising strategy for designing oxidation-resistant Pickering emulsion systems. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID 42885090
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PubMedFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Improved Functionality and Emulsifying Stability of Chickpea Protein Microgel-Mung Bean Hull Fiber Conjugates via Combined Physicochemical Pretreatment.

He Xiangxiang X, Song Xinyi X, Ma Liping L, Xiang Jinle J et al.

Native chickpea protein isolate (CPI) exhibits unsatisfactory solubility and dispersibility, restricting its interfacial performance and emulsion-stabilizing capacity. Herein, CPI gels were subjected to combined high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication pretreatment to fabricate CPI microgel particles (CPIMPs), followed by a Maillard conjugation with mung bean hull soluble dietary fiber (MSDF). Then the effects of glycosylated CPIMP-MSDF conjugates on structural properties, functional properties, and emulsion stability were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the grafting degree of the CPIMP-MSDF conjugate reached a peak of 35.54% at a 4:1 protein-to-polysaccharide mass ratio, indicating efficient grafting. FTIR, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, and free sulfhydryl content analysis confirmed the structural changes. Glycosylation was found to significantly enhance the antioxidant activity, foaming properties, and emulsifying capacity of conjugates. The emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI) of the CPIMP-MSDF conjugates were 2.52- and 2.91- fold higher than those of CPI, respectively. The Pickering emulsion stabilized by the CPIMP-MSDF conjugate exhibited the smallest droplet size (4.72 μm) and the lowest zeta potential (-30.71 mV). Furthermore, glycosylation significantly enhanced the storage stability and thermal stability of the Pickering emulsions. This combined physical pretreatment and Maillard conjugation provides a feasible strategy to upgrade the functional attributes of legume protein.

PMID 42883632
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PubMedImmunology2026-10-16

Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes That Drive Trained Immunity in Response to Microbes and Vaccines.

Abebaw Desalegn D, Atnaf Aytenew A, Tegegne Bantayehu Addis BA, Fenta Abebe A et al.

Trained immunity is a form of innate immune memory in which initial exposure to microbial components or vaccines leads to long-lasting functional reprogramming of innate immune cells through epigenetic and metabolic changes. Unlike adaptive immunity, it does not rely on B or T lymphocytes and provides broad, nonspecific protection against various pathogens. This phenomenon has been observed across a range of immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells and even γδ T-cells, as well as at the level of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Key inducers include microbial products (e.g., β-glucan, BCG and MMR vaccines), metabolic byproducts (e.g., mevalonate and lactate) and cytokines such as IL-1β. These agents activate signalling pathways such as the Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α pathway and lead to chromatin remodelling via histone modifications such as H3K4me3 and H3K9me3. Immunometabolism plays a pivotal role, with trained cells shifting toward glycolysis, glutaminolysis and cholesterol synthesis. Lactate and fumarate further link metabolism to epigenetic remodelling. Notably, trained immunity can be protective in infectious diseases and beneficial in noninfectious contexts, such as cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune regulation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cellular, epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms underlying trained immunity, highlighting how innate immune cells acquire memory-like properties independent of adaptive immunity. This study also provides insights into the therapeutic potential of leveraging trained immunity for vaccine development, infection control and immunomodulation in noninfectious diseases.

PMID 42885325
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PubMedFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Formulation and Stability Screening of Walnut Protein Concentrate-Whey Protein Isolate Stabilized Pickering Emulsions with Different Compounding Ratios: Capsanthin Loading, Multi-Condition Stability, and Application as a Butter Replacer in Spreadable Products.

Sawaidul Mihreban M, Li Jiarui J, Xu Mingqiang M, Zhang Jian J et al.

This study developed a dual-protein Pickering emulsion stabilized by walnut protein concentrate (WalPC) and whey protein isolate (WPI) for capsanthin delivery and functional fat replacement. Pickering emulsions with different WPI-WalPC ratios were prepared, and their functional properties and stability were systematically evaluated. The results showed that the WPI-WalPC ratio of 1:9 exhibited the optimal performance, with the highest emulsifying activity index (EAI, 48.55 m2/g) and emulsifying stability index (ESI, 240.91 min), as well as superior stability under different environmental conditions. The enhanced stability was closely related to the formation of a robust protein-stabilized interface, which improved the protection and delivery efficiency of capsanthin. Compared with capsanthin directly incorporated into walnut oil, the optimized Pickering emulsion exhibited higher capsanthin retention under storage, light, thermal, and high-pressure treatments. Furthermore, replacing 30% of butter with the capsanthin-loaded Pickering emulsion in spreadable paste improved sensory acceptability and oxidative stability, accompanied by reduced acid and peroxide values. Overall, this study provides a promising strategy for constructing dual-protein Pickering emulsions as multifunctional carriers for lipophilic compounds and functional ingredients for developing nutritious spreadable foods.

PMID 42883534
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PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

DNA and mRNA Vaccines Against Hantaviruses: Antigen Design, Delivery Strategies and Translational Progress.

Pawłuszkiewicz Karolina K, Faltus Anita Maria AM, Zdych Martyna M, Nowak Emilia E et al.

Hantaviruses are members of the Hantaviridae family, which can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). At present, no specific antiviral treatment is available for hantavirus infection, while licensed hantavirus vaccines are restricted to a limited number of countries in Asia. This review summarizes recent advances in hantavirus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, focusing on antigen design, delivery systems, immunogenicity, safety and translational development. Peer-reviewed studies published primarily within the past 10 years were evaluated together with available hantavirus vaccine trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, with emphasis on Hantaan virus (HTNV), Puumala virus (PUUV) and Andes virus (ANDV). DNA vaccine candidates have demonstrated immunogenicity in preclinical and early clinical studies, with an acceptable safety profile. mRNA vaccines represent a newer approach with promising preclinical evidence of humoral and cellular immune responses. However, they have not yet been evaluated clinically. Studies have also reported the potential for varying degrees of cross-protection between hantavirus species, although protection remains limited by antigenic diversity. Overall, current evidence supports further development of nucleic acid-based hantavirus vaccines, particularly multivalent strategies, with emphasis on standardized evaluation and clinical efficacy.

PMID 42883193
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