Drug Database
BO

botulinum toxin type A (Coretox)

✓ Approved

Medytox · therapeutic agent

What is botulinum toxin type A?

botulinum toxin type A is a therapeutic agent developed by Medytox. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesCoretox
CompanyMedytox
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Medytox

Therapeutic Indications

botulinum toxin type A is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disordersSkin wrinkling✓ Approved
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersMuscle spasmsPhase III

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of clinical medicine2026-10-16

Comparative Botulinum Toxin Injection Strategies Beyond the Masseter for Bruxism: A Scoping Review.

Siri-Archawawat Doungkamol D, Dumkliang Arunrat A, Eden Chime C, Tawanwongsri Weeratian W

Background: Botulinum toxin type A is used to reduce excessive masticatory muscle activity in bruxism, but whether extending injection beyond the masseter provides additional benefit remains uncertain. This scoping review aimed to map comparative evidence on expanded botulinum toxin muscle targeting for bruxism and assess whether available studies provide evidence of incremental clinical benefit beyond masseter-only injection. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched from inception to 3 August 2026. Eligible studies directly compared botulinum toxin injection strategies differing in the muscles targeted. Data were charted and synthesized descriptively. The protocol was prospectively registered with INPLASY (INPLASY202680008). Results: Five small randomized trials involving 133 participants were included, of whom 116 contributed to the comparative analyses. Expanded strategies added the temporalis, anterior digastric, lateral pterygoid, or medial pterygoid. Additional clinical benefit of broader targeting was not clearly demonstrated, although some studies reported greater reductions in activity of the additionally injected muscle. In all studies, the masseter dose was held constant while additional muscles were injected, resulting in higher total toxin doses and preventing separation of anatomical targeting effects from dose escalation. Safety evidence was insufficient because reporting was limited and heterogeneous, and the small overall sample precluded adequate characterization of the safety profile. Conclusions: The available evidence is preliminary and insufficient to determine whether routinely extending botulinum toxin injection beyond the masseter provides additional clinical benefit. Future adequately powered, dose-controlled trials should prioritize patient-important outcomes and distinguish the effects of anatomical targeting from total toxin dose.

PMID 42882175
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of clinical medicine2026-10-16

Laryngeal Elevation Velocity as a Candidate Dynamic Marker of Swallowing Safety in Postradiotherapy Dysphagia: A Preliminary Exploratory Study.

Hu Kai-Hsiang KH, Tsai Shu-Wei SW, Tsai Tammy T, Hsieh Miyuki Hsing-Chun MH et al.

Background/Objectives: To investigate laryngeal elevation velocity (LEV) as a candidate physiological marker of swallowing safety in post-radiotherapy dysphagia patients with cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction (CPMD), we examined its association with airway safety and whether the LEV-upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening relationship differed before versus after botulinum toxin injection, used here as a within-subject physiological perturbation. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 18 post-radiotherapy patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and CPMD who underwent botulinum toxin injection into the cricopharyngeal muscle (median total dose, 30 U; range, 20-40 U) and completed videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSSs) before and after intervention. Primary outcomes were the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) and UES opening diameter; secondary outcomes included the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), laryngeal elevation (LE) and LEV. Associations were evaluated using generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with LEV × treatment interaction terms to assess whether they differed across pre- and post-injection states. Results: Following botulinum toxin injection, FOIS scores improved significantly (median, 4 to 5; p < 0.001), with concurrent increases in LEV (median, 149.86 to 201.12 C2-4%/s; p = 0.027) and UES diameter (median, 21.10 to 23.30 C2-4%; p = 0.039); PAS scores and laryngeal elevation displacement did not change significantly. Higher LEV was associated with lower odds of unsafe airway invasion (PAS 5-8) in univariate analysis (odds ratio per 100-unit increase, 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17-0.86; p = 0.021). A significant LEV × treatment interaction was observed for UES diameter (p = 0.021). Conclusions: In post-radiotherapy NPC patients with CPMD, higher LEV was associated with airway safety, and the LEV-UES relationship differed across pre- and post-injection states. Although the study design does not permit conclusions about treatment efficacy, LEV may represent a candidate load-sensitive marker of swallowing safety, warranting further investigation.

PMID 42881986
Read full article →
PubMedNeurourology and urodynamics2026-10-16

Management of Urinary Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis: An Umbrella Review.

Hamzehzadeh Sina S, Hashemian Donyasadat D, Baharomid Saman S, Tahmasebi Fateme F et al.

Lower urinary tract dysfunctions (LUTDs) are prevalent among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), which is the most common immune-mediated neurologic disease among the juvenile population. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different methods in the management of MS-related LUTD. This study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methods. Systematic review studies that reported the efficacy of any management method for LUTD in MS are considered for inclusion. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science and risk of bias was assessed using the JBI critical appraisal checklist for systematic reviews. Out of 342 screened records, 34 systematic reviews were included. Preliminary efficacy and safety of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) and tibial nerve stimulation (TNS), as well as the potential of alpha-blockers, cannabinoids, mirabegron, spinal cord stimulation, sacral neuromodulation, transcranial neuromodulations, vaginal/rectal and clitoral/penile stimulation, foot reflexology, craniosacral therapy, and stem cell therapy were suggested. Despite the appropriate efficacy, anticholinergics, desmopressin, intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin A, vanilloids, and catheterization were found to cause considerable side effects. Despite a high prevalence of LUTDs in MS patients, evidence basis of the management methods is still poor and there is lack of well-designed randomized controlled trials, which makes evidence inconclusive. Future research is needed to refine treatment algorithms, investigate the potential of combination therapies, and develop individualized treatment paradigms.

PMID 42885333
Read full article →
PubMedThe Laryngoscope2026-10-16

For Patients With Sequelae From Bell's Palsy, Electrical Stimulation May Cause Increased Synkinesis When Aggressively Applied in the Acute Phase of Recovery.

Jung Soyeon S, Lee Ji Hae JH, Sur Jun Sung JS, Kwak Min Young MY et al.

To investigate the phase-specific impact of cumulative nonselective electrical stimulation (ES) on long-term functional sequelae and subsequent botulinum toxin (BoNT) therapeutic durability in patients with severe Bell's palsy. In this retrospective cohort study, 317 patients with severe unilateral Bell's palsy (predominantly ≥ 90% ENoG degeneration, all ≥ 80%) who developed clinically confirmed facial synkinesis were analyzed. Patients were stratified based on ES onset timing (acute < 1 month, subacute 1-6 months, and chronic > 6 months) and cumulative duration. Outcomes were assessed using the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System, Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ), and BoNT durability (duration of effect). Age-adjusted analysis (ANCOVA) and machine-learning-based decision tree regression were employed to identify prognostic thresholds. ES exposure was significantly associated with increased synkinesis (9.32 vs. 8.27, p = 0.007) and reduced BoNT durability (3.15 vs. 4.51 months, p < 0.001) compared to the non-ES group. A critical safety threshold for cumulative ES was identified at 4.64 h, beyond which synkinesis scores deteriorated by 35.7% and BoNT durability decreased by 23.8%. Notably, ES showed a strict phase-dependent dichotomy: acute-phase ES correlated with the highest synkinesis (p < 0.001), whereas chronic-phase ES was associated with significantly lower synkinesis (6.11 ± 2.05) and superior functional recovery compared to both acute-phase and non-ES cohorts (p = 0.015). The impact of ES on facial nerve recovery is highly phase-specific. While chronic-phase application offers therapeutic potential, excessive acute-phase ES correlates with exacerbated synkinesis and reduced BoNT durability. Our data suggest a cumulative safety threshold of 4.64 h, emphasizing the need for a judicious, time-dependent approach to ES during the acute phase of nerve regeneration.

PMID 42885175
Read full article →
PubMedInternational journal of molecular sciences2026-10-16

Bacteroides fragilis Toxin Induces Extracellular Domain Cleavage of HER2 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells.

Yoo Sang-Hyeon SH, Jang Ha-Neul HN, Kang Da-Hye DH, Hong Ju-Eun JE et al.

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) secretes Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT), a metalloprotease that disrupts intestinal epithelial integrity and activates pro-inflammatory signaling. Although E-cadherin cleavage is a well-established response to BFT, the involvement of other membrane receptors in BFT-induced signaling remains poorly defined. In this study, we examined whether HER2 undergoes proteolytic processing following BFT exposure and whether HER2 contributes to BFT-induced ERK activation. In HT29/c1 and MCF-7 epithelial cells, BFT induced the loss of full-length 185 kDa HER2 and the generation of a membrane-tethered ~95 kDa fragment. This truncated HER2 underwent γ-secretase-dependent intramembrane processing and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Knockdown of MMP-7 or ADAM10 did not prevent HER2 cleavage, indicating that neither protease is required for this process. In addition, BFT-induced ERK phosphorylation was observed in HER2-expressing cells but was abolished in HER2-deficient HT29/c1 clones, whereas E-cadherin cleavage and IL-8 secretion remained detectable. These findings identify HER2 as a previously unrecognized target of BFT-induced proteolytic remodeling and support a contribution of HER2 to BFT-induced ERK activation.

PMID 42883746
Read full article →
PubMedDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Gut Dysbiosis, Uremic Toxins, and NLRP3 Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Mechanistic Evidence to Clinical Biomarker Evaluation.

Donath-Miklos Imola I, Știrbu Oana O, Popețiu Romana Olivia RO, Crișan Adrian Silviu AS et al.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with intestinal dysbiosis, barrier dysfunction, uremic toxin accumulation, and systemic inflammation. This narrative review critically evaluates the gut-kidney axis, focusing on the distinction between NLRP3 [Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3] inflammasome priming and direct activation. It also examines the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of related biomarkers. Preclinical studies, clinical investigations, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and relevant clinical trials within the past decade were considered. CKD-associated barrier dysfunction increases exposure to lipopolysaccharides and gut-derived metabolites. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated TLR4/NF-κB (Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B) signaling provides well-supported inflammasome priming. Indoxyl sulfate acts predominantly as a priming stimulus, although its effects vary among cell types. Direct NLRP3 activation by p-cresyl sulfate has not been demonstrated. Trimethylamine N-oxide has the strongest experimental evidence for inflammasome activation. Candidate biomarkers include these metabolites, microbial profiles, intestinal permeability markers, and inflammasome-related mediators. However, their interpretation is limited by dependence on renal clearance, assay heterogeneity, absent standardized thresholds, and uncertain added value beyond estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Interventional studies remain small and predominantly use surrogate endpoints. The gut-toxin-inflammasome axis is mechanistically plausible, but evidence for priming is substantially stronger than that for direct activation. Its biomarkers remain research tools and require assay harmonization, prospective validation, and demonstration of independent clinical value before routine implementation.

PMID 42882239
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about botulinum toxin type A