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gemigliptin + metformin hydrochloride (ZemiMet / ZemiMet SR)

✓ Approved

LG Chem Ltd. · DPP4 · Small Molecule

What is gemigliptin + metformin hydrochloride?

gemigliptin + metformin hydrochloride is a small molecule developed by LG Chem Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesZemiMet, ZemiMet SR
CompanyLG Chem Ltd.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetDPP4
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, LG Chem Ltd.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

gemigliptin + metformin hydrochloride acts on 1 molecular target:

DPP4dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (CD26, DPPIV)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

gemigliptin + metformin hydrochloride is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational immunopharmacology2026-08-30

Targeting the macrophage-NLRP3 inflammasome-pyroptosis axis: Metformin-capped silver nanoparticles as a novel therapy for premature ovarian insufficiency.

Feng Sifang S, Zhao Juan J, Li Peixuan P, Yang Ting T et al.

The paracrine crosstalk between macrophages and granulosa cells, forming a "macrophage M1 polarization-inflammation-pyroptosis" vicious cycle in the ovarian immune microenvironment, promotes premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) progression. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of metformin-capped silver nanoparticles (Met-AgNPs) in disrupting pathological paracrine signaling axis and restoring ovarian function. Met-AgNPs and control AgNPs were synthesized and physicochemically characterized. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was conducted to evaluate the hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the nanoparticles in different dispersion media (deionized H2O, PBS, DMEM). The in vitro release kinetics and in vivo biodistribution were also evaluated. THP-1-derived macrophages were induced to M1 polarization and treated with Met-AgNPs, AgNPs, or metformin, followed by assessment of macrophage polarization states. The conditioned medium (CM) from these macrophages was then applied to human granulosa KGN cells to evaluate its effects on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. A cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced POI rat model was established and treated with Met-AgNPs, AgNPs, or metformin. Ovarian function was evaluated via estrous cycle, hormone levels, follicle counting, and fertility assessment. Ovarian histopathology, macrophage polarization, inflammation, and NLRP3-driven pyroptosis were assessed. Met-AgNPs exhibited a spherical morphology, smaller hydrodynamic diameter, and enhanced colloidal stability compared to AgNPs. Crucially, Met-AgNPs demonstrated sustained drug release and achieved targeted accumulation with localized retention in inflamed ovaries. In vitro, treatment with Met-AgNPs, AgNPs, or metformin all reprogrammed M1 macrophages towards M2 phenotype, accompanied by decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion. The CM from all treated macrophages inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in KGN cells. Notably, Met-AgNPs demonstrated superior efficacy among all treatment groups. In POI rats, Met-AgNPs treatment restored estrous cycles, serum hormone levels, and healthy follicle count, and improved fertility. These improvements were mechanistically associated with the inhibition of M1 macrophage infiltration and NLRP3-driven pyroptosis within the ovarian tissues. Met-AgNPs ameliorated POI by reprogramming macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype and then inhibiting NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis in granulosa cells. Our findings propose Met-AgNPs as a promising nanotherapeutic strategy for alleviating ovarian inflammation and restoring fertility in POI.

PMID 42669281
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PubMedNeuromolecular medicine2026-08-30

AMBMP Hydrochloride Reverses STZ-Induced Alzheimer-Type Dementia Associated with Wnt/β-catenin/TLR4 Signaling.

Kalra Palak P, Chaturvedi Deepak D, Kumar Amit A, Grewal Amarjot Kaur AK et al.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder with progressive cognitive decline and neuronal loss. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of AMBMP Hydrochloride, a Wnt/β-catenin agonist, in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mice model of AD, elucidating the interplay between dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation, with Palmitic acid used as a TLR4 pathway modulator. Mice received bilateral intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of STZ (3 mg/kg) on Day 1 and Day 3, followed by administration of Donepezil (3 mg/kg)/ AMBMP Hydrochloride (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg)/Palmitic acid (TLR4 agonist, 20 mg/kg) via the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route from Day 4 to Day 22. STZ-treated mice exhibited significant cognitive dysfunction, characterized by impaired performance in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task along with increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS), neuroinflammation [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)] and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. However, AMBMP Hydrochloride significantly improved behavioral and biochemical alterations possibly through modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and attenuation of TLR4-mediated inflammation. Interestingly, Palmitic acid co-treatment was found to counteract these protective effects, further pointing to a role of TLR4 in the pharmacological effect of AMBMP Hydrochloride. In summary, we confirmed that AMBMP Hydrochloride exhibits potent neuroprotective effects associated with modulating Wnt/β-catenin/TLR4 signaling, offering a promising therapeutic approach against Alzheimer-Type Dementia. Future studies should delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms and translational promise of AMBMP hydrochloride, paving the way for its development as a potential candidate for AD management.

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PubMedDrug development and industrial pharmacy2026-08-30

Development of Extended-Release Oral Dosage Forms of Salbutamol Sulfate Using the Hot-Melt Extrusion Manufacturing Technique.

Ramadan Banan B, Al-Zoubi Nizar N, Migdadi Eman E, AlSuwais Alia Kh AK et al.

To fabricate and characterize extrudable polymeric matrices using a combination of ethyl cellulose (EC) and two different grades of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) that can provide sustained drug release of the model drug salbutamol sulfate. Implementation of the Hot-Melt Extrusion (HME) technique in the fabrication of polymeric combinations that will provide ready-to-use matrices for sustained release dosage forms. Two formulation groups were developed; each with six formulations. The first group contained EC: HPC 370,000 ratios ranging from 55.52:13.8% to 6.9:62.46%, respectively. The second group contained EC: HPC 80,000 ranging from 59.4:10% to 9.4:60%, respectively. The release profiles were determined via in vitro studies to assess the ability of matrices to prolong salbutamol release. Solid-state characterization was also performed on the raw material and representative extrudates formulations using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The first group formulations exhibited prolonged drug release profiles that accelerated progressively as the level of HPC 370,000 increased. In contrast, the second group formulations exhibited a noticeably faster release, demonstrating that HPC 80,000 can effectively accelerate drug release through enhanced matrix erosion and water penetration. DSC and XRPD revealed that the model drug remained in its stable crystalline state even after thermal processing via HME. PLM further confirmed drug crystallinity within the extrudates. EC-HPC matrices successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using HME to prepare sustained-release matrices for salbutamol sulfate with the ability to tune drug release by varying polymer grade and ratio.

PMID 42669207
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PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026-08-30

Intranasal delivery of Semaglutide using a thermoresponsive PNPHO nanocarrier: formulation development, characterization and biological evaluation.

Sayka Khan Tanisha Tabassum TT, Jerry Wong Chun Yuen CY, Sheikh Zara Z, Fathi Ali A et al.

Semaglutide (SMG) is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist with a promising efficacy and safety profile that is widely used for reducing obesity by targeting the appetite control centres in the brain and for type 2 diabetes management by enhancing insulin release and suppressing glucagon secretion. SMG is currently administered subcutaneously that is invasive with reduced patient compliance or orally leading to decreased efficacy owing to first-pass effects. In this study, a nanoparticle (NP) formulation of SMG was developed using a thermoresponsive and biocompatible synthetic polymer, PNPHO (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-(N-acryloxysuccinimide)-co-(polylactide/-hydroxy methacrylate)-co-(oligo (ethylene glycol)), to investigate its potential to enhance nasal mucosal absorption and prolong residence time via the needle-free intranasal (IN) route. The NP formulation was characterized in vitro for physicochemical parameters, stability, mucoadhesion, regional nasal deposition, drug release profile, and cellular permeation, and in vivo for glucose sensitivity and biodistribution. Monodispersed NPs displayed an average size of 26.14 ± 0.19 nm, a negative surface charge with high SMG encapsulation (89%), improved stability against enzymatic degradation and increased permeation across nasal epithelial cells in vitro compared to SMG alone (p < 0.0001). In contrast, it reduced transport across hCMEC/D3 BBB cells. Nasal cast studies revealed greater NP deposition in the turbinates compared to the free drug. In vivo, the NP formulation demonstrated prolonged nasal retention of the formulation within the sinus region along with an improved glucose tolerance with a 24 h dosing regimen, showing an extended period of pharmacological activity that can be utilized for reducing dosing frequency. No detectable brain fluorescence was observed in vivo. Overall, these findings corroborate the potential of IN delivery of thermoresponsive SMG-PNPHO NP formulation with increased efficacy compared to current SMG delivery modes.

PMID 42669320
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PubMedPakistan journal of medical sciences2026-08-30

Efficacy of Bromhexine hydrochloride combined with bronchoalveolar lavage under fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the treatment of mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia.

Hu Feiyan F, Lin Li L, Lv Feijing F, Xu Yanan Y et al.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of bromhexine hydrochloride (BRH) combined with fiberoptic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) under fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This retrospective cohort study included clinical data from 126 patients with mild-to-moderate CAP treated at Yongkang First People's Hospital from March 2023 to March 2025. Of them, patients treated with BRH alone (BRH group, n=63) were matched 1:1 to a cohort treated with BRH combined with fiberoptic bronchoscopic BAL under FOB (BRH & BAL group, n=63). The primary outcome was clinical efficacy. Secondary outcomes included clinical symptoms, levels of inflammatory factors, and incidence of adverse reactions. After treatment, the efficacy of the BRH & BAL group (95.2%) was significantly higher than that of the BRH group (84.1%) (P<0.05). Post-treatment duration of fever, time to cough relief, time to resolution of pulmonary rales, and hospital length of stay in the BRH & BAL group were all shorter than those in the BRH group (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of IL-6, CRP, and PCT in both groups were considerably lower than pre-treatment and significantly lower in the BRH & BAL group than in the BRH group (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). BRH combined with BAL under FOB for the treatment of mild-to-moderate CAP is associated with improved therapeutic efficacy, alleviation of clinical symptoms, reduction of the inflammatory response, and good safety.

PMID 42668875
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PubMedbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026-08-30

Evolutionary rise of a synaptic mechanism for creating and diversifying key reinforcement signals.

Rodriguez-Sosa Natalia N, Rios Lupita L, Lin You-Hsin YH, Rybalchenko Volodymyr V et al.

Most neurons release either excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters. However, multiple inputs to the lateral habenula (LHb) co-transmit glutamate and GABA, transmitters with opposing effects on LHb output. Although the LHb has an established role in reinforcement learning, the adaptive significance of glutamate/GABA co-release remains unclear. Using experimentally informed simulations, we show that GABA co-release is sufficient to produce temporal difference (TD)-like transformations of input activity, computations commonly used for reinforcement learning and behavioral optimization. Heterogeneous GABA-to-glutamate ratios, like those found among LHb neurons ex vivo, produce diverse TD-like computations linked to higher-order decision-making. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis and machine-learning image analysis further indicate that glutamate/GABA co-release expanded across vertebrate evolution, from fish to mice, rats, and monkeys. Evolutionary expansion of glutamate/GABA co-release may have supported increasingly sophisticated learning and decision-making that contribute to intelligent behavior.

PMID 42668468
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