Drug Database
NI

nitroglycerin (Adesitrin / Deponit / Cordipatch)

✓ Approved

Takeda · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is nitroglycerin?

nitroglycerin is a small molecule developed by Takeda. It is approved for therapeutic indications via topical or transdermal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAdesitrin, Deponit, Cordipatch
CompanyTakeda
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteTopical, Transdermal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Takeda

Therapeutic Indications

nitroglycerin is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Cardiac disordersAngina pectoris✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedHeart rhythm O22026-08-29

Efficacy and safety of pulsed field ablation for cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter: A meta-analysis based on real-world evidence.

Liu Lei L, Chen Aiyue A, Liu Linqi L, Maimaitijiang Pakezhati P et al.

Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is effective for atrial fibrillation, but its real-world performance for cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent atrial flutter remains inadequately defined. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of PFA for CTI ablation using real-world evidence. A total of 9 observational studies (656 patients) published up to January 2026 were analyzed using a random-effects model. Pooled analysis revealed a short-term bidirectional CTI block rate of 99.4% and a short-to-midterm recurrence rate of 2.14%. Mean CTI ablation time was highly efficient (8.86 minutes). Incidences of catastrophic complications and permanent atrioventricular block were 0%. The overall incidence of intraprocedural right coronary artery spasm was 2.0%. Prophylactic high-dose intravenous nitroglycerin (>1 mg) significantly reduced coronary spasm incidence compared with low-dose (≤1 mg) regimens (1% vs 8%; P = .0016). Sensitivity analyses confirmed spasm risk was independent of PFA catheter configuration (P = .9549). PFA is a rapid, safe, and highly effective modality for CTI ablation. The risk of transient coronary spasm may be mitigated with prophylactic high-dose nitroglycerin. These hypothesis-generating findings warrant further validation.

PMID 42666861
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PubMedBioMed research international2026-08-28

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin and Nitroglycerin in the Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.

Reihani Hamid H, Daneshmandi Ali A, Hassani Amir Hossein AH, Hashemi Maryam M

Chronic anal fissures (CAF) are a common anorectal condition that significantly impacts patients' quality of life. Treatment options include pharmacological therapies, such as botulinum toxin (BT) and topical nitroglycerin (TNG). Despite their widespread use, the relative efficacy and safety of BT and TNG remain controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at comparing the effectiveness, recurrence rates, and adverse effects of BT and TNG in the treatment of CAF. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. Studies were included if they compared BT with TNG in the treatment of CAF. Ten clinical trials, comprising 698 patients, were included. Data were extracted and analyzed using STATA, and risk ratios were calculated for healing rates, recurrence rates, and side effects. The analysis showed that BT resulted in significantly higher healing rates compared with TNG (risk ratio: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02-1.36, p = 0.029). However, there was no significant difference in recurrence rates between the two treatments (p = 0.146). BT was associated with a significantly lower incidence of side effects, including headaches, compared with TNG (p < 0.001). BT is more effective than TNG in the healing of CAF, with a superior safety profile. These findings suggest that BT may be the preferable treatment option for CAF.

PMID 42663187
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PubMedEntropy (Basel, Switzerland)2026-08-27

Faithful Explanation Regeneration via Cauchy-Schwarz Mixture Information Bottleneck.

Wang Ziyang Z, Du Junliang J

Large pretrained language models can generate fluent free-text explanations for natural language reasoning tasks, but these explanations may contain redundant, irrelevant, or unsupported information. In this paper, we propose a faithful explanation regeneration framework based on a Cauchy-Schwarz mixture information bottleneck. The proposed method compresses noisy explanations into a structured bottleneck representation while preserving task-relevant and decision-supporting information. Instead of using a unimodal Gaussian prior, we introduce a Gaussian mixture prior and employ the Cauchy-Schwarz divergence as a tractable compression regularizer. Furthermore, a faithfulness-aware objective is introduced to encourage the learned representation to remain aligned with the task decision. Experiments on free-text explanation benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed method improves explanation quality, conciseness, and faithfulness while providing an information-theoretic compression-preservation framework.

PMID 42649696
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PubMedJournal of pain research2026-08-27

Electroacupuncture Improves Nitroglycerin-Induced Generalized Hypersensitivity Associated with a Migraine-Like State and Downregulates the CXCL13/CXCR5 Axis in the Trigeminal Ganglion.

Wang Fan F, Yuan Jun J

To investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) alleviates generalized hypersensitivity associated with a nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced migraine-like state in rats and to identify EA-associated molecular changes in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), focusing on the CXCL13/CXCR5 axis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control, model, EA, and sham EA groups (n = 8/group). Except for the control group, rats received NTG (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. EA was applied daily at GB20 and GB34, while sham EA was applied at non-acupoints. Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and thermal paw withdrawal latency were assessed at baseline and 2 h after each injection. Plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was measured by ELISA. TG RNA sequencing was performed in the control, model, and EA groups (n = 3/group), followed by GO/KEGG analysis, qPCR, and immunofluorescence validation. EA significantly increased mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and thermal paw withdrawal latency in NTG-treated rats. On day 9, both measures were higher in the EA group than in the model group (both adjusted P < 0.0001), whereas sham EA produced no significant improvement. Plasma CGRP was lower in the EA group than in the model group (adjusted P = 0.0155). Exploratory RNA sequencing identified inflammation-, immune-, and chemokine-related TG changes. qPCR showed lower Cxcl13 and Cxcr5 expression in the EA group than in the model group (adjusted P = 0.0242 and 0.0009, respectively). Immunofluorescence showed consistent reductions in CXCL13 and CXCR5 mean fluorescence intensity (adjusted P = 0.0115 and 0.0020, respectively). EA attenuated NTG-induced generalized hypersensitivity and reduced plasma CGRP levels, accompanied by decreased CXCL13/CXCR5 expression in the TG. Whether TG CXCL13/CXCR5 downregulation contributes causally to these effects remains to be determined.

PMID 42656790
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PubMedEntropy (Basel, Switzerland)2026-08-27

Information Bottleneck for Communication-Efficient Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in UAV Swarms.

Yang Zheng Z, Li Guohao G, Xue Yali Y

Multi-agent reinforcement learning has emerged as a promising paradigm for cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm coordination. However, existing communication-aware MARL methods primarily focus on communication topology, message routing, and message aggregation, while the information content of the exchanged messages is often only implicitly controlled. In realistic UAV networks, inter-agent communication is constrained by limited bandwidth, communication range, energy consumption, and packet loss. It is therefore desirable for each UAV to transmit compact and task-relevant information rather than dense and redundant latent features. In this paper, we propose IB-CEMARL, an information-bottleneck-guided, communication-efficient multi-agent reinforcement learning framework for UAV swarms. We formulate inter-UAV communication as a minimal sufficient message-learning problem in which each UAV encodes its local observation into a stochastic bottleneck message before exchanging information with its neighbors. Cauchy-Schwarz divergence-based quadratic mutual information is adopted as a unified dependence measure to jointly regularize message compression, preserve decision-relevant information, and reduce statistical redundancy among neighboring UAV messages. Extensive experiments demonstrate that IB-CEMARL achieves superior cooperative performance, reduced message redundancy, and stronger robustness compared with representative communication-aware MARL baselines. In particular, IB-CEMARL improves the average return by 4.9% and reduces inter-message dependence by 29.0% compared with the KL-IB-MARL baseline while maintaining efficient communication under constrained bandwidth settings.

PMID 42649715
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PubMedPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2026-08-27

Comparison of Metformin Combinations with Other Repurposed Drugs in the Treatment of Hamster Fibrosarcoma: A Review.

Popović Dušica J DJ, Popović Kosta J KJ, Miljković Dejan D, Poša Mihalj M et al.

Background/Objectives: Metformin is a prominent candidate for cancer drug repurposing, backed by preclinical and epidemiological evidence showing reduced cancer incidence in diabetic patients. Its pleiotropic effects include AMPK activation, protein synthesis inhibition, and metabolic alterations. This review integrates global preclinical data via a comprehensive tabular overview alongside a cross-analysis of specific investigations of hamster fibrosarcoma. Since head-to-head comparisons of metformin-based combinations on hamster fibrosarcoma remain limited, this work performs an integrated cross-study evaluation to establish a clear comparative hierarchy of various repurposed adjuvants combined with metformin. Methods: A literature review and cross-study re-analysis of peer-reviewed preclinical studies were conducted, focusing on in vivo therapeutic outcomes within the BHK-21/C13-induced hamster fibrosarcoma model. Treatment regimens from distinct primary studies were evaluated side-by-side using tumor endpoint data expressed as a percentage of control mean (± SD). Only statistically significant pairwise differences (p < 0.05) determined the comparative hierarchy. Results: Integrated analysis identified disulfiram and diclofenac as the most promising adjuvants among compared metformin combinations, showing the highest statistical significance across all evaluated endpoints. The statistical ranking of the metformin-based combinations followed a descending order: disulfiram, diclofenac, nitroglycerin, itraconazole, and caffeine. Conclusions: By synthesizing previously fragmented primary data into a unified comparative framework, these findings provide a strong, consolidated preclinical rationale for metformin-based combination strategies. The established hierarchy of adjuvant potency resolves structural ambiguity and supports further translational and clinical investigation to evaluate their therapeutic potential in fibrosarcoma and other malignancies.

PMID 42653751
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