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salbutamol + ipratropium bromide (Respimat Combivent)

✓ Approved

Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH · ADRB2 · Small Molecule

What is salbutamol + ipratropium bromide?

salbutamol + ipratropium bromide is a small molecule developed by Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesRespimat Combivent
CompanyBoehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB2, CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4
RouteInhaled
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

salbutamol + ipratropium bromide acts on 5 molecular targets:

ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ARB2)
CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM2cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (HM2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
CHRM4cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (HM4, M4R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

salbutamol + ipratropium bromide is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersChronic obstructive pulmonary disease✓ Approved
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersAsthmaPhase III

Related Research Articles

PubMedMedicine and science in sports and exercise2026-10-16

Respiratory System Resistance and Bronchodilator Responsiveness in Paralympic Athletes with Spinal Cord Injury.

West Christopher R CR, Romer Lee M LM

Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) may impair autonomic regulation of airway caliber, whereas repeated exposure to high ventilatory loads may modify airway function through mechanical stretch. To compare airway function and bronchodilator responsiveness between elite athletes with cervical SCI (tetraplegia, TETRA) and thoracic SCI (paraplegia, PARA), with the hypothesis that bronchodilator responsiveness would be greater in TETRA. Members of the Great Britain Paralympic team competing in wheelchair rugby (TETRA, C5-C7, n=11) or wheelchair basketball (PARA, T4-T12, n=11) underwent forced oscillation technique (FOT) and spirometry assessments before and 30 min after inhalation of ipratropium bromide (4×40 µg via metered-dose inhaler and spacer). Absolute baseline respiratory system resistance was similar in TETRA and PARA (Rrs4-24: 0.259±0.045 vs. 0.265±0.067 kPa·s·L -1). The between-group comparison of reference-based z-scores showed no significant difference (P = 0.725). Rrs4-24 exceeded the upper limit of normal in only one participant per group. Following ipratropium bromide, reductions in Rrs4-24 and Rrs4-8 were greater in TETRA than PARA (group×condition interaction, P=0.042 and 0.032, respectively). Reductions exceeding the minimal detectable difference (MDD) were observed in 73% of TETRA and 45% of PARA participants for both measures. In contrast, no participant demonstrated an increase in FEV1 that exceeded the MDD. Although baseline respiratory system resistance was similar in elite athletes with tetraplegia and paraplegia, the greater reductions following ipratropium bromide in TETRA suggest a greater contribution of cholinergic activity to resting bronchomotor tone. In addition, individual changes exceeding measurement error were detected more consistently using FOT than spirometry. The similar baseline resistance between groups may, in part, reflect adaptations associated with repeated exposure to the high ventilatory demands of elite wheelchair sport.

PMID 42885851
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PubMedDalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)2026-10-16

A highly luminescent zero-dimensional hybrid tin(II) bromide for white-light emission.

Chen Jie J, Xing Jiangchun J, Li Zhuoyuan Z, Zhang Xin-Yi XY et al.

Lead-free zero-dimensional (0D) Sn(II) halides are promising broadband emitters, but achieving high efficiency while retaining practical device performance remains challenging. Here, we report [PPAA]2[SnBr6]Br2, comprising triprotonated 3-(piperazin-1-yl)aniline ([PPAA]3+) cations, discrete distorted Sn-Br coordination environments, and two noncoordinating charge-balancing bromide ions. Analysis of the six nearest Br neighbors gives a bond-length distortion index of 8.43 × 10-4 and a nearest Sn⋯Sn separation of 9.004 Å. N-H⋯Br contacts connect the organic cations to both Sn-associated and noncoordinating bromides. The crystals emit at 554 nm with a full width at half-maximum of 106 nm and an absolute photoluminescence quantum yield of 80.9%. Combining this yield with the 1.48 μs lifetime gives effective radiative and nonradiative rates of 5.47 × 105 and 1.29 × 105 s-1, respectively, under a single-population approximation. Temperature-dependent emission gives an apparent thermal-quenching activation energy of 178.8 meV. The spectroscopy is consistent with self-trapped-exciton-like emission, while ground-state calculations support a contribution from the inorganic units. A phosphor-converted white LED gives chromaticity coordinates of (0.33, 0.33) and a color rendering index of 95. These results connect local coordination, hydrogen-bond contacts, and radiative branching in an efficient lead-free yellow phosphor.

PMID 42885501
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PubMedDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Beyond Tuberculosis: Late Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis in an Adolescent with Bronchiectasis and Recurrent Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolation: A Case Report.

Mihailov Oana Mariana OM, Luțenco Valerii V, Țocu Lavinia L, Mihailov Raul R et al.

Background and Clinical Significance: Cystic fibrosis may remain undiagnosed until adolescence, when recurrent respiratory infections and bronchiectasis are attributed to a previous severe infection. Case Presentation: We report the case of a male adolescent in whom approximately five years elapsed between microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in July 2021 and recognition of cystic fibrosis in August 2026. Archived records documented two sputum specimens that were acid-fast bacilli smear-positive (1+) and culture-positive (1+) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. During adolescence, persistent bronchiectasis, recurrent Gram-negative respiratory infections, digital clubbing, and repeated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation prompted etiologic reassessment. A single documented sweat chloride concentration was 114 mmol/L. CFTR analysis of blood collected on 18 August 2026, reported on 16 September 2026, identified homozygous c.1521_1523delCTT (p.Phe508del; F508del), providing molecular confirmation. Spirometry showed FEV1 2.69 L (79.6% predicted), FVC 3.73 L (91.56% predicted), and FEV1/FVC 72.01% (z-score -2.58), consistent with airflow obstruction; without total lung capacity measurements, restriction or a mixed ventilatory defect could not be confirmed. The previously recorded azithromycin regimen was 500 mg orally three times weekly. Tobramycin inhalation solution 300 mg/5 mL was prescribed as one ampoule twice daily for 28 days, followed by 28 days off, with three planned cycles and salbutamol 15 min before administration. Management of cystic fibrosis also included airway-clearance therapy, dornase alfa 2.5 mg once daily, a high-calorie diet, pancreatic enzyme replacement, and vitamin supplementation. Longitudinal post-treatment spirometry, anthropometry, and validated quality-of-life measurements were not available. Conclusions: Previous pulmonary tuberculosis should not terminate etiologic investigation when bronchiectasis, repeated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation, digital clubbing, or progressive structural lung disease persists. Earlier recognition may permit earlier coordinated cystic fibrosis care and genotype-appropriate CFTR-modulator assessment.

PMID 42882257
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PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Polyphenolic HRMS Characterization, Contents, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Effects of Costa Rican Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Extracts.

Araya Sibaja Andrea Mariela AM, Chacón-Vargas Juan Diego JD, Vargas-Huertas Luis Felipe LF, Azofeifa Gabriela G et al.

Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is well known for its bioactive properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Leaves samples from Costa Rica were extracted and analyzed in composition and in antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry using a quadrupole-time-of-flight analyzer (UPLC-QTOF) allowed the identification of 12 compounds, including 7 glycosylated flavonoids, 2 coumaroyl alcohols, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, and salvianolic acid E. Quantification using liquid chromatography with diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) was performed for the main components, including apigenin and luteolin glucoronides, rosmarinic acid, and eugenol, revealing an overall content of 78.28-121.05 mg/g dry extract. Total phenolic values ranged between 74.5 and 122.5 mg GAE/g dry extract, while antioxidant evaluations showed IC50 values of 28.18-48.18 mg dry extract/L for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) assay, 1192.8-2006.5 μmol Trolox/g dry extract for Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2.56-3.01 μmol Trolox/mg dry extract for Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), and 708.7-1415.8 μmol Trolox/g dry extract for Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC). Pearson correlation analyses (p < 0.05) between the quantified phenolic content and the antioxidant assays showed the highest values between UPLC and DPPH (R = 0.962) and UPLC with ORAC values (R = 0.955). A Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index (RACI) evaluation indicated HB-1 and HB-3 samples as the ones with the best results in these antioxidant assays, aligning with their higher content in polyphenols, which can be attributed to their higher maturity at the harvesting stage in comparison with HB-2. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of these extracts in adenocarcinoma cell lines, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, showed a significant cytotoxic effect against AGS gastric cancer cell lines with an IC50 of 78-150 μg extract/mL and a selectivity index greater than 6 in respect to normal Vero cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first study of its kind in O. tenuiflorum from Costa Rica.

PMID 42883310
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PubMedAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2026-10-15

Chalcogen-Bond-Driven Electrochemical Bromide Sequestration in Benzothiazole-Functionalized Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Aldaqqa Najat Maher NM, Dhanushkotti Rajesh R, Vaca-Chacon Sara S, Kumar Sushil S et al.

Bromide contamination in water sources is a growing health concern because it can generate carcinogenic disinfection byproducts during conventional water treatment. However, the selective removal of bromide from reverse osmosis (RO) permeate remains challenging. Herein, we report a benzothiazole-functionalized covalent organic framework (COF) designed as a chalcogen-bond donor, where σ-holes along the C─S bond axes preferentially interact with the softer, more polarizable Br- over Cl-. Two COFs, mesoporous BTzTp (∼2.45 nm) and microporous TTzTp (∼1.13 nm), were investigated to assess the role of pore accessibility while preserving identical recognition sites. The BTzTp@rGO composite exhibited a specific capacitance of 47 F g- 1 and a maximum bromide adsorption capacity of 36.7 mg-Br- g- 1at pH 4. Notably, it maintained ∼99% capacitance retention after 50 cycles, representing the highest cycling stability reported for a bromide-selective HCDI electrode, together with excellent selectivity (αBr/Cl = 10). Density functional theory calculations reveal that selectivity originates from strong chalcogen bonding, evidenced by near-linear C─S···Br- geometries (178°-179°), normalized contacts of 0.84, HOMO delocalization across the S···Br- interface, and greater charge transfer to Br- (0.222 e) than Cl- (0.154 e). This work demonstrates a viable strategy for highly selective and stable bromide removal in energy-efficient water purification systems.

PMID 42881129
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PubMedAnalytical methods : advancing methods and applications2026-10-15

Fluorescent aptamer sensing of clenbuterol and salbutamol in artificial urine and construction of a proof-of-concept screening model.

Dong Qinfeng Q

A proof-of-concept differential dual-modal aptamer array was developed for clenbuterol (CLB) and salbutamol (SAL) screening in artificial urine. A CLB-selective aptamer and AP-Ago, a broad β2-agonist aptamer, were coupled to graphene-oxide fluorescence resonance energy transfer and to methylene-blue/ferrocene-labelled gold electrodes. Their four responses formed an analyte fingerprint by combining CLB-selective recognition with the broader response of AP-Ago. Seventy-two blind-coded samples represented six matrices, four screening classes and three independent preparation batches. Batches 1-2 (n = 48) supported model development, whereas batch 3 (n = 24; six samples per class) was locked for external assessment. Weighted calibration gave provisional procedural limits of detection of 0.083 ng mL-1 for CLB and 0.164 ng mL-1 for SAL. Mean external prediction-to-reference ratios were approximately 96% for CLB and 81% for SAL, distinct from controlled spike recoveries; intraday precision was 3.7% and interbatch precision was 5.8%. Against isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS, concordance correlation coefficients were 0.939 for CLB and 0.793 for SAL. A regularized multinomial logistic model achieved external balanced accuracy of 0.833, macro-F1 of 0.836 and Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.791. The reported bootstrap 95% confidence interval for balanced accuracy was 0.656-0.969, reflecting the small external set. The results support a candidate front-end triage strategy within the tested artificial matrices: differential signals identify presumptive CLB, SAL-associated high-response and mixed patterns, while any presumptive positive is referred for confirmatory LC-MS/MS rather than used for an anti-doping adjudication.

PMID 42876190
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