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diltiazem (Cardizem SR / Corolater)

✓ Approved

Bausch Health Companies Inc. · CACNA1C · Small Molecule

What is diltiazem?

diltiazem is a small molecule developed by Bausch Health Companies Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesCardizem SR, Corolater
CompanyBausch Health Companies Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetCACNA1C
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Bausch Health Companies Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

diltiazem acts on 1 molecular target:

CACNA1Ccalcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (CACNL1A1, CACNA1C-IT2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

diltiazem is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Vascular disordersHypertension✓ Approved
Cardiac disordersAngina pectoris✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of clinical medicine2026-10-16

Self-Reported Oral Manifestations and Preventive Dental-Care Practices Among Pregnant Women in Romania: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Pătru Ciprian Laurențiu CL, Liliac Ilona Mihaela IM, Iliescu Dominic Gabriel DG, Predescu Anca Mihaela AM et al.

Background: Oral symptoms and preventive dental-care practices during pregnancy remain insufficiently characterized in Romania. This study described self-reported oral manifestations, oral-hygiene practices, and dental attendance and explored their cross-sectional associations with gingival bleeding, dental pain, and perceived oral-health impact. Methods: This single-center cross-sectional study included 101 pregnant women recruited at the Ginecho Clinic, Craiova, Romania, between October 2025 and July 2026. Participants completed a 21-item electronic questionnaire in the clinic with clarification available from the medical team. Oral conditions were self-reported/perceived rather than clinically diagnosed. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust variance; multivariable models simultaneously included preventive behaviors, maternal age, parity, and trimester. Results: Gingival bleeding (68.3%), gingival swelling (66.3%), and salivary-flow alterations (57.4%) were frequently reported. Most participants brushed once daily (66.3%), never used interdental cleaning (68.3%), and had not attended a dental visit during pregnancy (81.2%). In adjusted models, brushing at least twice daily was associated with lower prevalence of gingival bleeding (aPR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32-0.97) and higher perceived oral-health impact (aPR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23-0.99). No preventive behavior was significantly associated with dental pain after simultaneous adjustment. Conclusions: Self-reported oral manifestations were common and preventive practices were limited in this convenience sample. These exploratory associations do not establish temporality or causality and require confirmation in prospective studies using validated instruments and clinical oral examinations.

PMID 42882076
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PubMedJournal of clinical medicine2026-10-16

Treatment of Mixed Dry Eye Disease with Topical Azithromycin: A Prospective Controlled Pilot Study.

Cestnik Blaž B, Dovžak Fritz Ana A, Bone Tomaž T, Stunf Pukl Spela S

Background: This study evaluated the efficacy of topical azithromycin ophthalmic solution (Azyter®, 15 mg/g) as second-line treatment for mixed dry eye disease (DED), given the drug's known non-antimicrobial anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Methods: In this pilot, prospective, controlled, non-randomized interventional study, fifteen patients with mixed DED refractory to first-line treatment received topical azithromycin for 30 days (twice daily for 3 days, then once daily for 27 days); ten healthy individuals served as controls. Clinical evaluation was performed before and after treatment in the study group and once in controls, and included the Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 (DEQ-5), Schirmer test, non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT, Sirius PLUS corneal topography), tear meniscus height (TMH; Sirius PLUS corneal topography), Efron scale grading of blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), and conjunctival hyperemia; Oxford-scale grading of corneal fluorescein staining, and corneal epithelial thickness (swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography, AS-SS-OCT). Results: After treatment, DEQ-5 scores improved significantly (p < 0.001) and no longer differed from controls. Schirmer test and NITBUT values increased significantly (p = 0.003 and p = 0.027, respectively), becoming comparable to controls. Blepharitis, MGD, and corneal fluorescein staining scores also improved significantly (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.002), as did maximum corneal epithelial thickness (p = 0.037). Conclusions: In this pilot cohort, second-line treatment of mixed DED with topical azithromycin significantly improved disease symptoms and signs, supporting its potential as a treatment option. Larger randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine the optimal treatment regimen and duration.

PMID 42882011
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PubMedDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Beyond Tuberculosis: Late Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis in an Adolescent with Bronchiectasis and Recurrent Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolation: A Case Report.

Mihailov Oana Mariana OM, Luțenco Valerii V, Țocu Lavinia L, Mihailov Raul R et al.

Background and Clinical Significance: Cystic fibrosis may remain undiagnosed until adolescence, when recurrent respiratory infections and bronchiectasis are attributed to a previous severe infection. Case Presentation: We report the case of a male adolescent in whom approximately five years elapsed between microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in July 2021 and recognition of cystic fibrosis in August 2026. Archived records documented two sputum specimens that were acid-fast bacilli smear-positive (1+) and culture-positive (1+) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. During adolescence, persistent bronchiectasis, recurrent Gram-negative respiratory infections, digital clubbing, and repeated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation prompted etiologic reassessment. A single documented sweat chloride concentration was 114 mmol/L. CFTR analysis of blood collected on 18 August 2026, reported on 16 September 2026, identified homozygous c.1521_1523delCTT (p.Phe508del; F508del), providing molecular confirmation. Spirometry showed FEV1 2.69 L (79.6% predicted), FVC 3.73 L (91.56% predicted), and FEV1/FVC 72.01% (z-score -2.58), consistent with airflow obstruction; without total lung capacity measurements, restriction or a mixed ventilatory defect could not be confirmed. The previously recorded azithromycin regimen was 500 mg orally three times weekly. Tobramycin inhalation solution 300 mg/5 mL was prescribed as one ampoule twice daily for 28 days, followed by 28 days off, with three planned cycles and salbutamol 15 min before administration. Management of cystic fibrosis also included airway-clearance therapy, dornase alfa 2.5 mg once daily, a high-calorie diet, pancreatic enzyme replacement, and vitamin supplementation. Longitudinal post-treatment spirometry, anthropometry, and validated quality-of-life measurements were not available. Conclusions: Previous pulmonary tuberculosis should not terminate etiologic investigation when bronchiectasis, repeated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation, digital clubbing, or progressive structural lung disease persists. Earlier recognition may permit earlier coordinated cystic fibrosis care and genotype-appropriate CFTR-modulator assessment.

PMID 42882257
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PubMedInternational journal of molecular sciences2026-10-16

Early Hippocampal Stress Responses to Short-Term Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice.

Marzagalli Rubina R, Zhen Ng Min NM, Winata Christabella C, Chan Yik Lung YL et al.

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major environmental toxicant associated with cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease, yet the earliest hippocampal responses to short-term exposure remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of short-term CS exposure on hippocampal neuropeptide signalling, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, neuroplasticity and astroglial activation. Mice were exposed to the equivalent of 0, 2, 4 or 6 cigarettes per exposure session, twice daily for four consecutive days, using a whole-body exposure paradigm. Hippocampal tissue was analysed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence and histology. Short-term CS exposure disrupted hippocampal PACAP/VIP signalling, characterised by reduced Vip, Adcyap1r1 and Vipr1 expression, decreased VIP protein levels and increased Vipr2 expression across all smoke-exposed groups, while PACAP remained unaffected. CS also activated ER stress, evidenced by increased phosphorylated IRE1α immunoreactivity and increasing exposure-related trends in Ern1, Ppp1r15a and Eif2ak3 expression. Mitochondrial and stress-associated transcriptional responses included increased Dnm1l, Opa1 and Mmp9 and reduced Sod1 expression; however, associations among these genes did not remain significant after adjustment for exposure and false-discovery rate. Both Bdnf and Adnp expression showed a decreasing linear trend without significant individual treatment-versus-control comparisons. Neuronal BDNF immunoreactivity increased in CA1 and CA2/3 without detectable changes in CREB phosphorylation. CS further induced an increasing trend in Gfap expression and selective astroglial response within CA2/3. These molecular and cellular responses occurred without overt hippocampal histopathological abnormalities, indicating that brief CS exposure initiates hippocampal stress responses before structural damage is detectable.

PMID 42884003
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PubMedJournal of the American Dental Association (1939)2026-10-16

Comparative effectiveness of triple-headed and conventional toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial.

Roychowdhury Biswadeep B, Jalihal Sagar S, Ankola Anil V AV, Sankeshwari Roopali M RM et al.

Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are prone to poor oral hygiene due to motor and sensory challenges. This trial evaluated whether a triple-headed toothbrush (THT) improves gingival health and plaque control more effectively than a conventional toothbrush (CT). A multicenter, single-blind randomized controlled trial enrolled 102 children aged 7 through 18 years with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition level 1 or 2 ASD across 3 special schools in India, randomized 1:1 to THT or CT. All participants received standardized oral health education and caregiver-supervised twice-daily brushing for 3 months. Plaque and gingival index scores were recorded by a calibrated, blinded examiner at baseline and at 3 months. At 3 months, THT use produced significantly greater reductions in plaque (Hodges-Lehmann estimator, -0.50; 95% CI, -0.63 to -0.31; P < .001; r = 0.60) and gingival (Hodges-Lehmann estimator, -0.25; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.13; P < .001; r = 0.39) scores than CT, with pronounced improvements on the lingual surface. Both groups showed significant within-group reductions. THT acceptability improved significantly over the study period. A THT produced superior plaque and gingival improvements compared with a CT in children and adolescents with ASD, with pronounced lingual surface benefits and increasing acceptability over time. For families supporting children with ASD in resource-limited settings, a THT offers a cost-effective, technique-forgiving alternative to CTs, improving oral hygiene outcomes when used with caregiver supervision. This clinical trial was registered at Clinical Trials Registry-India. The registration number is CTRI/2024/12/078552.

PMID 42886150
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PubMedHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Digital Voice Journaling for Depressive Symptoms in Youth: Predicting Symptom Changes Using Machine Learning.

Ku Dorothy Ka Ki DKK, Wong Alyssa Yuet Chin AYC, Chan Kit Ying KY, Wing Yun Kwok YK et al.

Given the existing evidence supporting the benefits of journaling, digital voice journaling may represent a promising approach for alleviating depressive symptoms. This study examined changes in depressive symptoms associated with its use, identified linguistic and acoustic correlates of symptom improvement, and developed machine learning models to predict subsequent improvement. The study employed a pretest-posttest design. Young adults aged 18-24 years with depressive symptoms (17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAMD-17] ≥ 8) completed a seven-day digital voice journaling with twice-daily prompts, followed by a repeated HAMD-17 assessment. Linguistic and acoustic features extracted from the recordings were used to develop 12 machine learning models through five-fold cross-validation, for predicting symptom remission (post-journaling HAMD-17 < 8) and improvement (reduction in severity category), and model performance is evaluated using pooled AUC. Among the 68 participants (age = 20.78 ± 1.98 years; 85.29% female), a mean decrease of 4.54 points in HAMD-17 scores was found with a moderate effect size (Cohen's d = 0.78). Improvement and remission were observed in 61.76% (n = 42) and 52.94% (n = 36) of participants, respectively. Multiple linguistic and acoustic features, including achievement-related words, function words, F2 formant frequency, and MFCC 2, were significantly associated with these outcomes. The highest-performing models achieved AUCs of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76-0.94) for improvement and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79-0.95) for remission. Depressive symptoms decreased during the seven-day voice journaling period, although the uncontrolled design limits causal interpretation of this change. Furthermore, linguistic and acoustic features may help identify individuals who are more likely to experience symptom improvement or remission.

PMID 42881676
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