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influenza vaccine (Panenza / Humenza)

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Sanofi S.A · Vaccine · Vaccine

What is influenza vaccine?

influenza vaccine is a vaccine developed by Sanofi S.A. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intradermal injection or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesPanenza, Humenza
CompanySanofi S.A
Drug ClassVaccine, Large Molecules
RouteInjectable (Others), Intradermal Injection, Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sanofi S.A

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of inflammation research2026-09-20

Dimethyl Sulfoxide Modulates T Cell-Mediated Immunity to Attenuate Influenza A Virus Infection.

Jeng Po-Hsuan PH, Tsai Meng-Wei MW, Huang Shing-Hwa SH, Huang Tien-Ru TR et al.

Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a major threat because vaccines provide limited cross-protection and antiviral resistance is rising. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is immunomodulatory, but its effect on IAV has not been tested in vivo. We evaluated its efficacy and mechanism in a murine H1N1 model. Male C57BL/6 mice were intranasally challenged with an LD50 of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) and given daily subcutaneous DMSO (0.22 g/kg/day) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on days 1-7. Survival was monitored for 21 days; lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected on day 8. Lung histology (hematoxylin and eosin), BALF cytokines (sandwich ELISA), lung and splenic IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (flow cytometry), and whole-lung RNA sequencing (differential expression, KEGG enrichment) were assessed. BALF viral burden was measured by neuraminidase activity assay and TCID50. In vitro, splenic CD8+ T cells exposed to 0%, 0.5%, or 1.0% DMSO were immunoblotted for lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3). DMSO significantly improved 21-day survival and attenuated alveolar inflammatory infiltration. Day-8 BALF viral titers were significantly lower with DMSO (mean 2.2×103 vs 4.3×104 TCID50/mL; p = 0.034), as was neuraminidase activity. BALF IFN-γ and TGF-β were elevated, whereas TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were not. IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells increased in the lung but not the spleen; CD4+ populations were unchanged. RNA sequencing showed enrichment of cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and PI3K/Akt signaling and upregulation of T-box factors, PPAR-γ, and Nek kinases. In vitro, DMSO accelerated LAG3 induction in CD8+ T cells within 12-48 h. DMSO is associated with attenuated IAV severity, a lower day-8 airway viral burden, and a localized expansion of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells, without a concomitant rise in the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-1β. These associations are correlative and support further investigation of DMSO as a host-directed adjunct for influenza.

PMID 42763701
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PubMedAdvances in virology2026-09-20

Comparative Sequence Analysis of the Envelope Gene of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus Vaccine Strain With Currently Circulating Field Strains.

Kaje Keerthi K, Marinaik Chandranaik B CB, Gomes Amitha Reena AR, Rizwan Apsana A et al.

The present study was undertaken with the objective of performing comparative sequence analysis of the envelope (E) gene of Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV) vaccine strain P9605 with the circulating field strains. The study was taken up as the currently used KFDV vaccine strain, KFDV P9605, was isolated in the 1960s. For this study, we designed two sets of primers targeting the complete amplification of the E gene of KFDV. The sequencing was performed by the Sanger method, and the deduced sequence of the vaccine virus was deposited in GenBank with accession number PX067005. This sequence obtained for the vaccine virus was aligned and compared with sequences of GenBank-deposited circulating field strains. We also performed comparative sequence analysis of the Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) vaccine seed virus having passaged twice in mouse brain with the vaccine seed virus passaged six times in mouse brain to investigate whether multiple passages in mouse brain will lead to genetic mutation in the immunologically important E gene. The phylogenetic analysis revealed seven amino acid mutations in the field strains at positions A123T, S158N, D178E, D239N, A313S, M429I, and G479A when compared with the vaccine strain. We did not find any mutations at the critical fusogenic segment (residues 98-113) in the E gene of currently circulating field strains compared to the vaccine seed virus. The study found no genetic variations in the E gene of the KFD virus passed two times and passed six times in mouse brain. We performed SWISS-MODEL homology modeling, AlphaFold protein analysis, and Ramachandran plot analysis to study the E protein structures and stability. The observations made in this study suggest slow evolutionary drift and conserved structural stability of the envelope gene of KFDV ever since its emergence 7 decades ago; however, the functional implications of these amino acid substitutions need further studies on their roles in viral infectivity, transmission, and impact on immunity.

PMID 42763584
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PubMedEMBO reports2026-09-20

TRIM62 facilitates influenza A virus entry by regulating WASH-dependent endosomal trafficking.

Gupta Kajal K, Pal Sampurna S, Tyagi Arpit A, Bajaj Roohani R et al.

Endocytosis enables efficient cargo uptake while restricting uncontrolled cellular entry, yet how this balance is enforced during endocytic uptake remains poorly understood. Using influenza A virus (IAV) as a model cargo, we reveal a previously unrecognized role for the pentameric WASH complex (WASH) as a regulatory hub that integrates both permissive and inhibitory functions to control viral endocytosis. While the WASH subunits WASH1, CCDC53, SWIP, and Strumpellin collectively promote IAV entry, the FAM21 subunit acts antagonistically. Our data suggest that FAM21-mediated association of WASH with the retromer subunit VPS35 restrains the pro-endocytic activity of WASH, thereby limiting viral uptake. This inhibitory FAM21-VPS35 axis is counteracted by the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM62, which maintains WASH in a retromer-free, endocytically competent state that facilitates viral internalization. Beyond IAV, the WASH1 subunit and VPS35 also exhibit opposing roles during cholera toxin B uptake, suggesting a broader function in lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. Together, our findings establish WASH as a key determinant of IAV endocytosis, with TRIM62 modulating retromer-mediated restriction to facilitate productive viral entry.

PMID 42763336
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PubMedEClinicalMedicine2026-09-19

Effectiveness of the 2025-2026 seasonal influenza vaccine among U.S. veterans: an observational study.

Xie Yan Y, Choi Taeyoung T, Al-Aly Ziyad Z

Annual vaccination is the primary strategy for preventing adverse clinical outcomes associated with seasonal influenza, but vaccine effectiveness varies by season with the degree of antigenic match and the predominant circulating subtype. The 2025-2026 season has been dominated by a newly emerged, antigenically distinct influenza A(H3N2) subclade K that arose after the vaccine strain was selected, raising concern about a vaccine mismatch and reduced effectiveness. Contemporary, season-specific evidence on effectiveness against clinically important outcomes is needed. We used U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) electronic health records to emulate a series of 24 sequential 7-day target trials among VA users with an in-person primary care visit between September 15, 2025, and February 28, 2026, comparing those who did and did not receive a seasonal influenza vaccine at the visit. The final analytic cohort comprised 1,401,492 participant-trials (526,350 vaccinated and 875,142 unvaccinated). Exposure was defined as receipt of the 2025-2026 seasonal influenza vaccine on the date of an eligible primary care visit, compared with no seasonal influenza vaccination at that visit or during follow-up. The primary outcome was a composite of seasonal influenza-associated emergency department visit or hospitalization. Individual components were also evaluated. Vaccine effectiveness (VE), defined as 1 minus the risk ratio, was estimated as the per-protocol effect among vaccinated participants using discrete-time survival models with inverse-probability-of-treatment and inverse-probability-of-censoring weighting. Marginal cumulative risks, and risk differences (RDs) per 10,000 persons, together with risk ratios, were estimated. Compared with no vaccination, receipt of the 2025-2026 vaccine was associated with a lower risk of the composite outcome (VE, 21.95%; 95% CI, 16.08%-27.65%; RD per 10,000 persons, -4.94; 95% CI, -6.49 to -3.47), influenza-associated emergency department visits (VE, 22.25%; 95% CI, 16.38%-27.94%; RD, -5.01; 95% CI, -6.55 to -3.53), and influenza-associated hospitalizations (VE, 31.84%; 95% CI, 14.77%-46.27%; RD, -1.08; 95% CI, -1.82 to -0.44). Vaccination was associated with lower risk of the composite outcome across prespecified subgroups defined by age (≤65 and >65 years) and immunocompromised status. Results were consistent across multiple sensitivity analyses, and negative outcome controls (all-cause hospitalization and all-cause death within 14 days) showed no association with vaccination. In analyses applying the same design to the 2024-2025 season, vaccine effectiveness was lower in 2025-2026 than in 2024-2025 for every outcome (composite, 21.95% vs 32.15%; approximately 30% lower in relative terms). The 2025-2026 seasonal influenza vaccine was associated with reductions in influenza-associated emergency department visits and hospitalizations, but its effectiveness was lower than in the immediately preceding season. These findings provide contemporary, season-specific evidence supporting the continued use of seasonal influenza vaccination to prevent clinically important influenza outcomes. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.

PMID 42761462
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PubMedEuropean clinical respiratory journal2026-09-19

Acute fibrinous and organising pneumonia (AFOP): a case series highlighting diverse aetiologies and clinical outcomes in three patients.

Ahmed Shakeel S, Shora Farhana F, Hussein Mousa M, Hameed Mansoor M et al.

Acute fibrinous and organising pneumonia (AFOP) is a rare histopathological pattern of acute lung injury characterised by intra-alveolar fibrin deposition and organising pneumonia. It has diverse aetiologies and highly variable clinical outcomes. We report three cases of AFOP from Qatar. Case 1: A 71-year-old man developed AFOP following influenza A (H1N1) infection and achieved complete clinical and radiological resolution with corticosteroid therapy. Case 2: A 52-year-old man with anti-MDA5-positive clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis developed rapidly progressive AFOP and died despite aggressive multi-modal immunosuppression. Case 3: A 51-year-old woman presented with AFOP in the setting of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, which unmasked underlying chronic myeloid leukaemia; she achieved full radiological resolution with corticosteroids. This case series highlights the wide clinicopathologic spectrum of AFOP, the critical importance of early histological diagnosis, identification of underlying triggers, and the highly variable prognosis depending on aetiology. Early lung biopsy and tailored therapy remain essential in the management of this uncommon condition.

PMID 42761802
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PubMedZhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi2026-09-19

[Determination of influenza epidemic intensity thresholds for Tianjin using the moving epidemic method].

Chu W J WJ, Dong X C XC, Li L L, Zunong Jiawulan J et al.

Objective: To determine the threshold for influenza epidemic intensity during the 2024-2025 season in Tianjin using the moving epidemic method (MEM). Methods: Collect weekly data on the percentage of influenza-like illness cases (ILI%), positive detection rate of influenza virus (PR), and PR×ILI% from sentinel hospitals in Tianjin for 2017-2025. Establish an influenza early warning model using MEM, select the optimal value of parameter δ, compare model fitting performance, evaluate the reliability of the three types of data, and determine the threshold for influenza epidemic intensity in Tianjin for 2024-2025. Model selection employs cross-validation, with evaluation metrics including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, Matthews correlation coefficient, and Youden index. Results: The models based on PR and PR×ILI% showed better fitting effect than those based on ILI% alone, with the PR×ILI%-based model demonstrating the best performance. The MEM model constructed by using PR indicated that with δ set at 3.0, the epidemic start threshold for Tianjin in the 2024-2025 season was 16.05%, the end threshold was 19.68%, and the thresholds for medium, high, and very high epidemic intensity were 51.61%, 66.98%, and 75.16%, respectively. The model based on PR×ILI% showed that with δ set at 3.2, the epidemic start threshold was 105.23%, the end threshold was 128.08%, and the thresholds for medium, high, and very high epidemic intensity were 377.55%, 560.61%, and 667.64%, respectively. Conclusions: The moving epidemic method can be used to determine the influenza epidemic intensity thresholds in Tianjin. The influenza early warning model established based on PR×ILI% data better reflects changes in influenza activity intensity, providing a reliable basis for early warning.

PMID 42763191
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